Business Disaster Recovery Plan

Business possibility convalescence patternDISASTER RECOVERYBusiness continuity programs are designed to reinforcement a stock up and running in the face of a misadventure, only unfortunately, they dont always work. Sometimes, continuity manoeuvers fail or the sheer magnitude of a contingency overwhelms the organizations capacity to continue operations. Thats where disaster recovery begins. disaster recovery is a subset of business continuity activities designed to deposit a business to normal operations as quickly as contingent following a good luck.The disaster recovery plan may embroil1. Immediate measures that get operations up and running again temporarily, but the disaster recovery effort is not finished until the organization is tot eithery back to normal operations.2. Initial chemical reaction following an Emergency disruption to an Organisation is designed toContain the damage caused by the disaster.Recover some(prenominal) capabilities that can be immediat ely recompensed. Include a variety of activities depending upon the re dedicateation of the disaster and may include activating an leap exhibiting facility, containing natural damage or calling in contractors to begin an emergency response.During a disaster recovery effort, the focus of most of the organization shifts from normal business activity to a concentrated effort to restore operations as quickly as doable.But before we go into detailed recovery plan, we need to consider risk assessment (RA) and business impact abstract (BIA) to identify the IT services that support the academy critical business activities. Which we leave behind then establish the recovery time objectives (RTOs) and recovery point objectives (RPOs).The recovery time objective, or RTO, is the targeted amount of time that it pass on take to restore a service to operation following a disruption. The organization mustiness also think about the amount of info that it needs to restore as well. The recov ery point objective, or RPO, is the maximum time from which data may be lost as the result of a disaster. Together, the RTO and RPO translate valuable information to disaster recovery planning.Before we explain much about the planning process we need to follow some strategies that leave alone help us to make a proper planning process. The Disaster recovery strategies, ISO/IEC 27031, the global standard for IT disaster recovery, states, Strategies should fixate the approaches to implement the indispensable resilience so that the principles of incident prevention, detection, response, recovery and restoration are put in place. Strategies define what you plan to do when responding to an incident, while plans describe how you bequeath do it.Once you have identified your critical systems, RTOs, RPOs, as shown in the table below, we can formulate the disaster recovery strategies that is suitable to hold dear them.Critical systemsRTO/RPOThreatPrevention strategyResponse strategyretr ieval strategyAccount payable4hrs/2hrsServer FailureSecure equipment room, rest server, UPS flog over to backup server, validate UPS runningFix/ switch over primary server. fall back to primary serverBuilding warrantor2hrs/2hrsSecurity systems destroyedLocate systems in secure area, UPS, put in preventative enclosures around sensor unit. position guards at strategic pointsObtain/ effect replacement units, sensorsWe have been able to modify strategy to planning process in this second table belowCritical systemsThreatResponse strategyResponse action stepsRecovery strategyRecovery action stepsAccount payableServer FailureSwitch over to backup server, validate UPS running master server is down, ensure data has been backed up and is safe, leaven backup server, start switchover to alternate server.Fix/replace primary server, fall back to primary server.verify cause of server outage, obtain new server, install new server, test new server, fail systems back to new server.Security syst ems destroyedDeploy guards at strategic pointsVerify credentials system is down, verify security system data has been backup and is safe, contact guard agencies to source on-site guards, define guard duties, brief guards on duties, provide communicatings devices for guards.Obtain/install replacement units, sensorsverify cause of security system outage, contact supplier to get a replacement, test replacement system, test sensors, restart security systems.When developing your organisation Disaster recovery plans, we make sure to revue the global standards ISO/IEC 24762 for disaster recovery and ISO/IEC 27035.This is a standard of requirements which deal with all aspects of information security within your organisation. This can vary from physical to gifted to electronic security. You will establish what is critical to your business and how you therefore control and protect these aspects.http//www.computerweekly.com/feature/How-to-write-a-disaster-recovery-plan-and-define-disaster -recovery-strategieshttp//www.cqsltd.com/other-iso-certifications/iso-27001.aspx?gclid=CjwKEAjw5M3GBRCTvpK4osqj4X4SJAABRJNC7bI7foCmSkHGTD9Zq4Q2Mu1emYpUEbahM7EaUDYv_RoCfXDw_wcBFrom a staffing perspectiveThis means that many employees will be working in temporary jobs that may be all different from their normally assigned duties.Flexibility is key during a disaster response. Also, the organization should plan disaster responsibilities as much as possible in advance and provide employees with training that prepares them to do their part during disaster recovery.Communication is critical to disaster recovery efforts. Responders must have secure, accredited means to communicate with each other and with the organizations leadership.This communication includes the initial communication required to activate the disaster recovery process, even if the disaster occurs by and by normal business hours.It also includes regular status updates for both employees in the field and leadership andit should include ad hoc communications capabilities to meet tactical needs.

Procurement Strategy in the Pharmaceutical Industry

procurance schema in the pharmaceutical Industryprocural is an minuteant function to ensure projects its organizational goals. opus procurance is a support function for the organization, it is nevertheless a union function and critical to enhancing programme/project deli rattling. procural is a piece of music of the process of achieving development project outcomes. wherefore all procurance activities atomic number 18 framed in the context of programmes and projects.So the Procurement is a managerial discipline in this function need to acquire and enhance certain managerial skills, tools, and including procurance risk instruction, procurement strategies development and procurement planning.Therefore the main benefits get along of procurement risk assessment, procurement strategies development and procurement planning serve as a bridge to cover the possibility between programme and operations. They are withal critical to programme deli genuinely. Benefits of this approach include Best set for money, timely procurement avoid unnecessary and unjustifiable emergencies, better allocation of existing mental imagerys, sufficient time to to the full look for alternative procurement approaches, possibility to aggregate demand.So in Procurement successful criteria is that Joint Planning between programme and procurement in the early stages, Good flow of communication, reason of the procurement fates, understanding of the market and associated risks, live process with constructiond revisions and feedback mechanisms.In perception of tec the procurement planning programme is very essential for fulfilment requirement of production demand and achieving goals for merchandising and save the risk and shortage of accessibility of reference products production and marketing respectively. So the procurement development should be improving gradually with the strategies.Construct DefinitionProcurement responsible for getting the goods and services nec essary for the comp both. Sometimes organized asProcurement is the accomplishment of goods and/or services at the best possible total follow of ownership, in the right on quality and quantity, at the right time, in the right place and from the right source for the direct benefit or character of weeds, individuals, or even governments, generally via a contract, or it can be the same management selection for clement resource. Simple procurement whitethorn affect nothing more than repeat get. Complex procurement could involve leting long term bumpners or even co-destiny suppliers that might basically commit one organization to another. Procurement can refer to buying, outsourcing, and so onof any resources. (www.wikipedia.com)Procurement Strategy determines the company needs and plans for acquiring the necessary mad materials and services for the company.Procurement strategy is a identification of need, formation of unique(predicate)ation, defining contractual terms, s ourcing the market, supplier judgment, inviting quotes/tenders, analysing quotes/tenders, Negotiation where applicable, contract award/order placement, receive, evaluation of suppler, review of supplier performance, payment , vender rating two way feedback . (www.brentwood.com)Background InformationIn any organization, procurement strategies playing a vital routine. Without procurement not only fulfils the requirement but excessively stop the production plan of any organization. So, the procurement structure is very important in any organization. So we cogitation the pharmaceutical manufacture and its procedure of procurement. Different companies have different mode of procurement procedures. In this procurement procedure, the pharmaceutical companies receive the services or goods in naked as a jaybird shapes through affix chain system like import and local procurement system. Researcher is a Senior Procurement Officer in aesthesis Laboratories (PVT) LTD. Lahore which is h andling all Local Raw Materials, Packing Materials, various Items and any other special assignment of high management. Therefore we discuss the little introduction of virtuoso Laboratories (PVT.) LTD.Star Laboratories was registered in Lahore in 1960 as a coalition concern being a very miniature unit. Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd. having a very large unit with a cover area of 86061 stf having an authorized roof of Rs.30 million and paid up capital of Rs.20 million.Star Labs growth has been unprecedented. 1978 a Milestone when Star Labs was incorporated as a limited company emerged in the national streamline of increase pharmaceutical industry of the country and this achievement is still maintained in improving quality stability and reliability of veterinary and human products.Stars great asset is its human resource with present strength of more than 700 employees. Star believes that they have achieved this landmark with the loyalty honesty and hard work of their human resourc e.A new era started in 1970 when Star started and multiplying their veterinary products by a margin to multinational with the aim and scratch to provide our 80% population of rural area the veterinary products for livestock development at a low and reasonable price for the prosperity and ease of our scant(p) country competing the multinational.Star is the market leader in Veterinary medicines producing around complete range of veterinary products. A break through came in 1995 when Star was shifted to the new modem well equipped pharmaceutical plant at 23-Km, Multan road, Lahore with a refreshing aim of serving nationally and acting world(a)ly.Professionals from the dramatic art of pharmacy business administration carry out manufacturing at Star in accordance with the happen of Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) following international standards of quality management systems. From incoming raw and packing material, to in-process control till the stainless goods, Quality Cont rol Department intervenes at either stage to support the standard and the methodology of manufacturing.Stars reputation over a reasonable bracing of 44 years has opened new horizons for its veterinary products in global connection for exports to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Sudan, U.A.E, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Kenya, Yemen, Mauritius, Mauritania, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Guyana and Somalia.Research Question or Problem averment or ObjectivesResearch QuestionsRQ1 How to decrease the issues, cost and save wastage of time of procurement structure?RQ2 How to improve in time delivery of quality overlap and remove barriers structure and to develop standard by procurement strategies?RQ3 How to shrivel the supply chain problems and enhancing the Source of suppliers for acquiring quality product with standard?Research ObjectivesTo enhance the quality production of product, reduce the cost and improves the structure of procurement with strategic mode continuously.To mitigate s hortage of quality goods or services and rejection.To compare past and present procedure and findings of other companies rule and development of procurement strategies.Scope and Limitations of StudyProposed study pull up stakes be conducted in Star Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd with population of 700 employees a sample 120 employee for gross revenue and marketing sector depart be chooseed on the basis of expedient try.There could be following limitation of the study that can be observed during interviews and questionnaires sessions. information pass on be pile up only from procurement surgical incision and Production.Researcher role in Star Laboratories may field of operation to limitation.No body can receive the info form import department due to some limitations.Respondents are from procurement department because every body spend of their time in their work and may not give the training about work.In procurement department very difficult to manage rejected products cause wastage of time and delay in production.Researcher biasness is of most important naturefor researcher the respondents State of nous equally importantWhen researcher receives the data from many respondents may be not educated so that cause of difficultiesIf we receive the information from the procurement department the limitations imposed by account department so that information con not received.Chapter 2Review of Related LiteratureProcurement is the process of acquiring goods, works and services covering both acquisitions from tertiary parties and from in-house providers. The process spans the whole cycle from identification of needs, through to the end of a services contract or the end of the useful life of the asset. It involves options appraisal and the critical make or buy decision. This strategy provides the framework for the management of procurement activity within the Council to ensure it is taken forward in the most cost effective and efficient manner to deliver protect for mo ney.(www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com)Sustainable procurement is the process of integrating these environmental, social, and economic factors into purchasing decisions. This Strategy provides a blueprint to implement sustainable procurement at the metropolis of Portland and Multnomah County. It will move local government beyond the current read of ad hoc, often contradictory, inconsistently applied policies. It will move local government toward purchasing decisions that promote the long-term interests of the community. (www.portlandonline.com)Procurement Strategies is the important in every organization because without purchasing goods respondents can not run the production. So, the Procurement procedure is playing an important role in the industry. In this function, managerial discipline is that need to acquire goods or services, enhance managerial skills, association about procurement and tools. The process of procurement is that firstly requisition prepares on demand of the Stor es, Productions and quality control department. After the requisition receiving the procurement department take quotation from the specific suppliers on demand but specific work caring on order making and inventory system. So the major function of procurement department making the planning, programming and develop the procedure by strategic manners.The aim of this theoretical study is to take a general framework for procurement strategy formulation and, in particular, present how to create and implement a procurement strategy. The framework suggested in this study will result from a study of various approaches discussed in the literature. The traditional thought, as presented in the competitive strategy literature, finds the buyer-supplier relationship in terms of both parties competing with each other. The new approaches some(prenominal)(prenominal) as JIT, fusion sourcing and lean purchasing present quite a different perspective in terms of partnership. The central theme of this study is that, to be successful, the procurement management should use both approach. (Veli-Matti Virolainen, July 1999)As companies attempt to shed old habits and begin to view procurement as a strategic resource from which a competitive advantage can be gained, there is a great deal of corporate baggage that must be shed. more importantly, there is a new mindset that must be instilled both in procurement and across the firm. strategical supply symbolizes the importance of attempt wide thinking where functional units at heart the firm and discern suppliers from the firms supply chain all work in concert to bring value to the marketplace. This paper presents data from the US and the UK that helps us better understand and verbalise issues that are key to managing across independent supply chain partners. We also address some of the barriers to implementing such a supply strategy. These barriers exist inside the firm as well as between the firms at its key suppliers. Whilst we acknowledge that progress is being made, however the data suggest that the pilgrimage is far from over. (Paul D Cousinsa and Robert Spekmanb, January 2003)As more evidence indicates that a corporation is very much defined by its purchases and benefited by its close partnership with the suppliers, the sourcing decision becomes increasingly important in the firms growth and profit. This paper synthesizes the purchasable sourcing alternatives into four categories, namely multiple sourcing, single sourcing, single/dual crown of thorns or network sourcing, and global sourcing, and provides a comprehensive review of these purchasing methods based on extensive literature. Besides the discussion of the pros and cons, the paper focuses on the underlying factors that determine the preference and suitability of each sourcing option. In addition, with the short letter that numerous companies are switching to do business on a global basis, we attempt to use China as an example to raise global sourcing from the standpoints of both buyer and supplier. (Amy Zhaohui Zeng, 2000) orbicular procurement is not a simple or easy solution to a companys sourcing needs. With new markets and changing competitors challenging established business, global sourcing is now offering an opportunity for organizations to meet these challenges on a global basis. Discusses the varied interpretations and significance of global sourcing as an ingredient of success, emphasizing the link between world-class production/quality, marketing and procurement. From these discussions and experiential evidence, provides a matrix of management choices to facilitate the selection of cosmopolitan sourcing strategies most appropriate to corporate goals. (Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, 1994)Industrial procurement is arguably that part of strategy which should have a customer focus. The recent attention to such strategies in a variety of commercial and government contexts, has grown much faster than detailed understanding of how sourcing decisions are made and their implications for organisations. This paper provides an overview of empirical research into sourcing decisions made in organisations. (Michael Quayle, May 2000)Chapter 3Methods and ProceduresResearch methodological analysisResearcher receives previous data which contains on Quantitative research and Qualitative. In my opinion which receive current data Quantitative (Survey based), Qualitative (Interviews), to explore the procurement strategies in selected Star Laboratories (Pvt.) LtdThe researcher will conduct the proposed study using a questionnaire for collection of a primary data. The secondary data will be collected from research articles, different web sites etc.Current Quantitative ResearchSurvey InstrumentCopy of the subject instrument is attached (see appendix).Sampling TechniquesA non probability convenience sampling technique will be used for selection of the sample from the target population of Star Labo ratories (Pvt.) LtdSample SizeRespondent of my study will be about 120 Respondents. This study of procurement strategies based on managers, officers, production pharmacists, store incharges, marketing sales officers who are working in the Star Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd.Data CollectionProcurement strategies data will be collected through interview survey, telephonic conversation and the questionnaire. This data will be distributed by the researcher himself. Data will be collected from different people who based on procurement strategies and the respondents will be contacted personally. The respondents will work at different departments and convenience sampling method will be used in this study of procurement strategies.Chapter 4Data Analysis and RepresentationData AnalysisData will be analysed by using Microsoft Excel to apply specific formulas and find mean, standard deviation, variance etc.Chapter 5Findings, Conclusions and RecommendationsDetails of findings recommendations and concl usions will be explained in this chapter.References(Availableunderhttp//wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/249), page accessed February 18, 2010(www.harrogateboroughcouncil.com), Procurement Strategy, Delivery of fast glass public services, 2009 2012 March/April 2009.(www.portlandonline.com), Document alert by the Sustainable Procurement Steering Committee March 20, 2002(www.saworks.com), Procurement definitions www.saworks.sa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx page accessed February 8, 2010Amy Zhaohui Zeng, A synthetic study of sourcing strategies, Industrial Management Data Systems, MCB UP Ltd, Year 2000 Volume 100 Page 219 226Gadde, L.-E., Hakansson, H. (1994), The changing role of purchasing reconsidering three strategic issues, European Journal of Purchasing and submit Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.27-35Leenders, M. (1998), The problem with purchasing savings, Proceedings of 2nd Worldwide Symposium, London, pp.343.Lian, P.C.S., Laing, A.W. (2004), universe sector purchasi ng of health services a comparison with cloak-and-dagger sector purchasing, Journal of Purchasing and come out Management, Vol. 10 No.6, pp.247-56.Michael Quayle, A groom of Business, Management and Technology, Procurement Sourcing Decisions, University College Suffolk (Ipswich) Rope Walk Ipswich, IP4 1LT UK, May 2000Moran, J., Avergun, A. (1997), Creating lasting change, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.146-51.Murray, J. (1999), Local government demands more from purchasing, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 5 No.1, pp.33-42.Paul D Cousinsa, Robert Spekmanb, B Darden Graduate Business School, University of Virginia, Strategic supply Relationship management Value Performance measurement, Volume 9, January 2003, Pages 19-29Shan Rajagopal, Kenneth N. Bernard, Global Procurement Motivations and Strategy ,Marketing Intelligence Planning, MCB UP Ltd, Year 1994 Volume 12 Page 4 17Veli-Matti Virolainen, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Purchasing Procu rement Procurement strategies Buyer-supplier relationship, Volumes 56-57, 20 July 1999, Pages 677-688www.Wiipedia.com. Procurement definition en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010www.wiktionary.com Procurement definition en. wiktionary.org/wiki/Procurement, page accessed February 8, 2010

Tobacco addiction case study

tobacco habituation case studyNick is a thirty-year-old Caucasian male who recently enrolled in your persevering panel. He comes in to solar twenty- 4 hours beca white plague he desires to kick the habit of tobacco pulmonary tuberculosis. He had tried to spare ahead and succeeded twice, only to start up again. He denies any health problems hardly has a plastered family tarradiddle of COPD and lung idlercer. His father died of lung malignant neoplastic dis quieten ternary months ago, and he has been dreaming of him since then. He does not want to end up the corresponding way.Past medical historyThe patient denies medical problems. He had a vasectomy quadruplet years age at his ex-wifes request, no early(a) surgeries. He has noticed a recurrent morning cough and increase production of mucous secretion over the past dickens months or so.Medications n angiotensin converting enzymeAllergies n angiotensin converting enzymeStage of change contemplationDiagnosis tobacco jest at and addictionPatient educationThrough the design of tobacco, nicotine is one of the virtually heavily employ addictive substances and the leading pr level(p)table earn of complaint, disability, and end in the unify States (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). According to the Center for infirmity potency and Prevention, can sens accounts for nearly one of every five deaths in the United States (Center for sickness run and Prevention).When a person is addicted to a substance, they buzz off a compulsive urge to seek out and substance abuse the substance, even when they understand the catastrophic make it can postulate (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Tobacco products are addictive. With each inhalation of a cigarette the weed carriage pulls nicotine and other harmful substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood stream (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is shaped like the natural understanding chemical acetylcholine. Acet ylcholine is a chemical called a neurotransmitter this carries messages between the brain cells or neurons (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Theses brain cells or neurons make specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific neurotransmitters fit. Nicotine locks into acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine attaches to acetylcholine receptors that release a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when a person experiences something delightful. Smoking causes neurons (brain cells) to release excess dopamine, which is the cause of feelings of pleasure when pot (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). This effect wears off quickly, causing the scum bagr to get the urge to light up another(prenominal)(prenominal) cigarette for another dose of the drug (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco, unless it is not the only important ingredient (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). People who smoke have a reducti on in the level of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain and body. set out levels of MAO in the brain whitethorn lead to higher dopamine levels and this leads to the reason people continue to smoke and continue to get the pleasurable effects from smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).Long-term use of nicotine products leads to addiction. The way nicotine is absorbed and metabolized by the body enhances its addictive potentiality (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Each inhalation brings rapid scattering of nicotine to the brain, but it quickly disappears along with the pleasurable feelings. This triggers the tobacco user to seek that said(prenominal)(p) pleasurable sensation throughout the day (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Over the course of the day tolerance develops, requiring much frequent doses or higher doses to get the same effect. Nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have similar effects on the brain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). numerous people who have a nicotine addiction are in denial. They may be social smokers, meaning they only smoke when out with friends, or they believe they can stop when they are ready (Center for illness discipline and Prevention, 2008). Recognizing the signs of addiction is important for the getting over the addiction. parking lot signs of addiction allow requiring increased use of tobacco to get the same satisfaction, experiencing withdrawal when nicotine levels are low, having the desire to quit but not being able to, experiencing cravings and urges to smoke, and go on to smoke despite being aware of the health risks (Center for ailment obligate and Prevention, 2008).The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction are ca utilise by withdrawal. Withdrawal occurs because the brain can no longer naturally produce adequate levels of dopamine. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms embarrass anxiety, frustration, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and w octad gain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).Some of the health risks associated with nicotine use include chronic obstructive lung complaint (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, gum disease, rim and esophageal cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The carcinogens in tobacco products cause abnormal cell maturement that can develop into cancer (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).Deciding to quit smoking is the premier step toward becoming a non-smoker and better health (Center for malady go through and Prevention). After quitting, the risk of stroke can be reduced to that of a non-smoker in as little as two years after quitting (Center for distemper require and Prevention). Heart aim and blood pressure reproduction to the non-smoker levels after only two hours of not smoking. The rate of heart disease related to smoking is decreased to cubic decimeter percent and the rate of lung cancer is substantially reduced (Center for illness go over and Prevention).Steps to nicotine abuse and ad diction recovery that may spot are to set a assure to quit this allows the person to get in the mindset to stop (Center for illness hold back and Prevention, 2008). Knowing the triggers that make the person want to smoke is another important factor. Some triggers commonly observed that increase the desire to smoke are after a meal, while driving, drinking alcohol, boredom, stress, coffee, and being around other people that smoke (Center for Disease comptroller and Prevention, 2008). Having a strong moderate system is another important factor in quitting. inform the people around the smoker of the decision to quit may help to support the decision as well as holding the smoker accountable for the goal of quitting. It is easier to stop smoking if the people around support the effort to stop smoking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).If the smoker is opinion about quitting, or has made the decision to quit, there are several(prenominal) products to help in the pr ocess of quitting and prevent many of the withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine reclamation is an alternative to stopping cold. Many people find it easier to use a re slurment therapy such as the nicotine trance, inhaler, or nicotine gum. This may make the renewing easier and more comfortable for the person trying to quit (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires retell interventions and multiple enterprises to quit. Effective preachings exist however, that can significantly increase the rate of long-term abstinence. Counseling and medications are effective when used by themselves. The combination of counseling and medications, however, is more effective than either alone (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Products designed to help quit tobacco abuse and addictionBupropion SR intervention should begin one to two weeks before the quit date. The kickoff dose for tobacco cessation is 150mg orally every morning for cardinal days, then 150mg orally twice nonchalant. This sexually transmitted disease should be continued for seven to twelve weeks. For long-term dosage, use of bupropion SR 150 mg for up to sextet months post-quit may be used (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). crude side effects include insomnia and modify backtalk. Insomnia may be address by taking the evening pill at least eight hours before bedtime, with at least eight hours between doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Nicotine gum is available in both regular and flavored forms. The gum dosage is available in two mgs and four milligram doses. Smokers should use at least one piece every one to two hours for the prime(prenominal) half dozen weeks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The gum should be used for up to twelve weeks with no more than twenty-four pieces to be used per day. Common side effects of the gum include mouth soreness, hiccups, dyspepsia, a nd jaw ache. These effects are generally mild and transient, often caused by the patients chewing technique (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). This can be jutting by correct chewing techniques. The gum should be chewed slowly until appreciation emerges, then parked between the cheek and gum line to help absorption. The gum should be slowly and intermittently chewed and parked for around thirty minutes or until taste dissipates from the gum (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Nicotine Inhalers- A dose from the nicotine inhaler consists of a puff or inhalation. Each pickup truck delivers a total of one milligram of nicotine over eighty inhalations (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recommended dosage is six to sixteen cartridges per day. Duration of the therapy is up to six months. Side effects include local anaesthetic irritation in the mouth and throat, coughing, and rhinitis. The severity of the irritation is mild and the frequency of symptoms decline with continuous use (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Nicotine lozenges are available in two milligrams and four milligram doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Generally, smokers should use at least gild per day in the first six months of therapy, and should be used for up to twelve weeks, with no more than twenty lozenges used per day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The two milligram is recommended for smokers that have the first cigarette more than thirty minutes after waking. The four milligram is used for patients that have the first cigarette within thirty minutes of waking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The most common side effects include nausea, dry mouth, hiccups, and heart burn. Use of the four milligram lozenges may also cause increased rates of headaches and coughing. The lozenge should be allowed to dissolve in the mouth sort of than chewing or swallowing it (Center for Dis ease Control and Prevention, 2008).Nasal spray- The nicotine rhinal spray produces higher peak nicotine levels than other nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and has the highest dependency potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). A dose of the nasal spray consists of one 0.5 mg dose delivered to each nostril (1mg total). Initial dosing should be one spray per hour, increasing as needed for symptom relief (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Minimum dosage is eight doses daily with a level lift out of forty doses per day. Each bottle contains around one hundred doses. Recommended date of therapy is three to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patients should not sniff, swallow or inhale through the nose while administering doses, as this increases irritation. The spray is best delivered with the head slightly tilted back. Users report moderate to severe nasal irritation in the first two days of use. Nasal over-crowding and transient changes to taste and smell are also reported (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Nicotine patches treatment of eight weeks or less have been shown to be as effective as longer treatment periods (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patches of different doses are available. Dosing regimens should be based on patient characteristics such as amount smoked and degree of dependence (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The step down dosage includes four weeks of twenty-one milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the fourteen milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the seven milligram per day patches (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). There is a single dose regimen available in twenty-two and 11 milligram per day patches for other step down regimens. Up to fifty percent of patients using the patch go away experience a local skin reaction. These skin reactions are usually mild and self-limiting, but may be wo rsened during the course of therapy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Local treatment with a one percent hydrocortisone cream or a five percent triamcinolone cream, and rotation of patch sites may ease the skin irritation. Other side effects of the patches include insomnia and vivid or strange dreams. At the start of each day the patient should place a patch in a relatively hairless area, typically between the neck and waist, rotating the site daily to reduce irritation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patch should be applied as soon as the patient wakes on the quit day. If insomnia is a problem, the patient should remove the patch prior to going to bed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Varenicline is an approved non-nicotine promoter for smoking cessation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The FDA added a warning regarding the use of this agent. Depressed mood, agitation, changes in behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide have been reported in patients attempting to quit smoking when using Varenicline (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Any history of psychiatric illness should be discussed before using this medication. Side effects of the medication include nausea, trouble sleeping, and abnormal or vivid dreams (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).The patient should start Varenicline one week before the quit date, with a dose of 0.5 milligram daily for three days followed by 0.5 milligram twice daily for four days, followed by one milligram twice daily for three months. Varenicline is approved for maintenance therapy for up to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should quit smoking on day eight, when the dosage is increased to one milligram twice daily. To reduce the insomnia problem, the second dose should be taken at dinner time rather than bedtime. To reduce the nausea, the medication should be taken on a wide of the mark stomach (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Varenicline is a non-nicotine medication. The mechanism of action is imputable to its partial nicotine receptor agonist and antagonistic effects (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Because Varenicline is eliminated almost entirely unchanged in the urine it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is not recommended to be used with other nicotine replacement therapies because of its nicotine antagonistic properties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).Plan of treatmentPatient will be advised that the increased cough and mucus production is related to the use of tobacco products and that once he no longer smokes the frequency of cough and mucus production will decrease as this is related to irritation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. A smokers cough is a persistent cough that develops in long-term smokers. At first it may be dry, but over time it usually produ ces phlegm. The cough is usually worst upon awakening and improves throughout the day. The airways are lined with tiny hair like cells called cilia, which catch toxins in inhaled air and move them upward toward the mouth to be expelled. Smoking paralyzes these cells. sort of of toxins being caught in transit, toxins enter the lungs and create inflammation. This leads to coughing as the lungs attempt to clear these toxins. As the Celia begins to repair themselves during the night and attempt to remove the put in substances from the lungs, the result is coughing upon arising. This cough will usually fade as the Celia is allowed to repair themselves from the abstinence of cigarette smoking.Treatment will consist of smoking cessation counseling and support, Varenicline 0.5 mg daily, starting immediately, orally once daily for three days, then 0.5 mg orally twice daily for four days, followed by one mg orally twice daily for three months. Follow up should be in three days to pronounce side effects and patient response. The next follow-up will be dependent on patient progress and response to medication. The patient will be instructed on the community resources for smoking cessation support groups and how to roll in the hay with the stress of not smoking and how to manage daily frustrations related to smoking cessation. Dietary counsel will be offered for possible nutrition advice and charge management. The patient will be encouraged to enroll in an lesson program or to increase physical activities during the initial phase of smoking cessation. A chest x-ray will be ordered, at the patients convenience, to rule out COPD or other lung issues.ReferencesBrunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans The pharmacological footing of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill.Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Clinical practice guidelines Treating tobacco use and dependency. Retrieved from CDC.gov http//www.bphc.hrsa.gov/buckets/treatingtoba cco.pdfCenter for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Smoking and tobacco use. Retrieved from Center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/you_can_quit/nicotine

Why Renault entered into joint venture with Mahindra

Why Renault entered into fit speculation with MahindraInternal Benefits joystick ad gages argon formed in quest of managing lodges resources in efficient manner. This includes techniques to trim terms and risk that the firm faces, obtaining s railcarce resources, obtaining cheap factors of production (land, do work and capital), to include bran- in the raw information and increase the managerial know how so that productivity burn be increased and to retain innovative employees of the firm. in that location be umteen capital intensive techniques followed by companies in anoint and gas exploration, metals processing and mineral extraction.Internal benefit include build high societys core strengthsHelps in to develop economies of scale by gaining plan of attack to former(a) financial resourcesreefer back benefactor company to acquire youthful technologies and customers andgives entry to knowledge, skills and better wayCompetitive Benefits Joint ship helps companie s to reconstitute their organisational structure. Competitive advantage is achieved by vertical integration or consolidation of the firms. This in like manner helps the firms to have an influence on industry structure and competitors. Responding to the radical globalisation trend this approach may help in human beings of more effective competitors. Some separate benefits argonJoint jeopardys are helpful in building competitive barriers against the new entrants.They act as a defensive strategy in response to the converging marketsHelps in creation of sm al integrity and competitive units of the firm in diverse geographical locationsIt also helps in reducing the time cycle to the market they are involved inStrategic Benefits Joint ventures help in companies to devour change in their strategic position. This helps in better creation and developing of synergies among the both companies. Joint venture facilitate in the transfer of technology and diversification of the firm.Te chnology transfer helps in building knowledge to fly off the handle into key marketsIt also helps to develop new products and improve productivity by shared expertise and lower be because indulging in explore activities to develop new products can be time-consuming and costly. Sm every(prenominal) business enterprisees also gain lead-timeIn the total number of mutual venture formed, many were international joystick ventures. Many of them were due to the cost involved in the trading functionings. Companies in some industry depend on the technology to condense costs. Joint ventures are lucky for them because they help them in accumulating money and large number to work in short time, with not much time reasonless in training and after to develop specialisation in a specific activity. This all leads to reduced exploration and production costs and on that pointby increase in the profit margins. Joint ventures are not as easy to manage as we are talking about. Sometimes comp anies are forced to follow a articulate venture strategy because of the array countrys business regulations. For example China does not allow outside company to own a studyity of domestic business. Mexico requires the companies for any unconnected company which is operating in the country to have a word venture with a domestic company. In addition to government regulations, other(a) reasons for international word ventures as mentioned above are cutting the costs of doing business, overlap risks with acquiring technological information and management expertise from other companies.Kogut (1988) gave 3 diffe prosecute reasons for the existence of adjunction ventures. They wereTransaction cost approach The cost aspect of a mussing in joint ventures helps in explaining joint ventures in terms of market failure for intermediate inputs in the production, various asset specificity, and high uncertainty over specifying and monitoring performance. As godly by Penroses (1959) wor k, it is specified and shown in recent development in management search that to one should analyze and develop a firms strategy by focusing on its resources instead of the external environment. Two key behavioural assumptions of TC theory are opportunism and bounded rationality (Williamson 1991a). The transaction theory suggests that if firms with complementary resources try to produce individually then they go out have to fight for the scarce resources and acquire them at greater cost. some other major motive behind joint venturing is the possibility of creating Ricardian rents. A Ricardian rent means the presence of scarce resources which generate higher profits than other resources of the same type.Strategic behaviour approach A joint venture addresses the difficulties faced by the organisation by providing a superior coincidence of incentives done the joint dedication of resources and by sharing the residual entertain of the venture. Joint venture is established in a spi rit of mutual trust and commitment to its long-term success, the potential threats posed by opportunism and a small-numbers condition can be reduced.Organisational culture approach Joint Ventures help in organisation learning Williamson (1991b) extends his analysis to strategic alliances, which is verbalize to have the hybrid mode of governance, which are considered to occupy positions between the deuce ends of the market-hierarchy continuum. These hybrids in joint ventures are said to have stronger incentives and adaptive capabilities than hierarchies, which helps in providing more administrative control than markets. In global industries with globalisation there is higher need for organisational learning. This asks the firm manager to look for global efficiency, which later plays an important role in resource sottishd theory. In a joint-venture setting, there is interaction and communication between the members of different firms. This information die hard increases the bound ary permeability with respect to the partners resources. This helps in offering an opportunity for learning. A popular example of this is ToyotaGM joint venture, in which both partners had clear learning objectives (Adler and Cole 1993).Another use of joint ventures is to get rid of a business unit, that is, disposal of resources. Nanda and Williamson (1995) have argued that converting the business unit into a joint venture between the parent and buyer helps in selling of the unit. The joint venture operates for several age during which buyer learn about the operations of the unit is going to acquire and slowly resources will be integrated with those of the buyer. By initially running the business as a joint venture, the buyer in benefit of obtaining hands-on management figure and an insiders s view of its operation. Seller also has interest to teach the skill and tricks to buyer of business, since the price that the buyer is willing to pay when buying out the business depends o n the joint ventures performance.Firms often go for the local partners in the domestic market in which they want to mark a presence, these are because of the hobby reasonsItems readily capitalisedHuman resource needsGovernment regulations and incentivesMarket access needs and speed of entryKnowledge needs and learning of new marketing methodsA joint venture is formed only when all the organizations involved individually arrive at a positive exonerate benefit calculation. For example, one partner considers the joint venture as an opportunity for learning a new technology while the other uses the venture to further exploit the technology. When devil firms have had a great deal of experience of working together, they get to know more about one anothers culture and management style, and adjust their own accordingly thus the two firms are in a better position to explore collaborative opportunities compared to other firms which dont form any alliance with other firms. This all leads to notice ways of complementing joint venture their resources effectively for creating rents. This involves the proper analysis of costs involved in different companies. For example If there exist two oil companies which want to set up a new oil production platform in ocean areas, and neither one has capability to pay the project on its own, so the simple solution to them is to look for joint venture. That way, they share the costs of setup of drilling platform and other projects which later helps them in reducing their individual risk should they find no oil. That is a decided advantage to many business people.A complete theme of operation, management and finance has to be done to successfully implement the joint venture. Joint ventures are quite helpful to some companies in gaining access to foreign markets. Sometimes both the firms forget the primary objective of their operation and just form joint venture to come into foreign market. These products pick out in the foreign dom estic investments in the host country through the firm with which joint venture is formed. So many governments give incentives for joint ventures.Joint ventures are a sometimes used to boost up the creeping sale. This can be the first step in acquisition of a business. It can also be used to act as catalyst for change, which is by bringing in a partner one, can stimulate more entrepreneurial activity in a incident area of a firms business. Joint venture also helps in elaborateness of customer base by draw outing the scope and utilising other firms strength in different geographic market, using its distribution or sales interlockingInternational joint ventures have also been pushed by international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World employment Organization, who have given incentives by forming policies to eliminate trade barriers and deregulate foreign ownership restrictions and the international flow of capital. This h elped in creating a climate in which international investment and partnerships have become increasingly attractive. In new scenario joint ventures have become means by which companies seek to expand profit margins and market share. In addition, regional trade areas such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European kernel (EU), and the Association of South and East Asian Nations (ASEAN) have worked to establish favourable conditions for joint ventures within specific, relatively localized regions.Why Renault entered into joint venture with Mahindra Mahindra?As told by the CEO of Renault Mr. Carlos Ghosn this joint venture was seen to be expedient to mark a new step in Renaults global working out strategy. The joint venture has started the Renault operation in the Indian market which is extremely emerging market with respect to self-propelling sector. As Renault had no experience with the needs of Indian customer joint venture with MM was seen to help to creat e the first right hand drive version of Logan created to image the needs of our Indian customers. Renault was also eyeing to mark its presence in Indian market in short period of time, Mahindra and Mahindra gave them that adequate platform.In the set-back of 2005 Renault designers visualized a low-cost car that was to retail for under Euro 5000. The car had quite good features however it looked robust and trustworthy compared to the sleek beauties make by the Japanese and the Koreans. The car became a big hit and enjoyed foolery from buyers in most parts of Europe. Europeans liked the cars no-frill appeal. Renault thought of entering into Indian market, when it analysed the companies it sought upon Mahindra and Mahindra which was the main force behind the Tata Group. Mahindra and Mahindra helped Tata Motors for over ten years helping them build the modern day passenger vehicle. Mahindra also in seeing the future prospects of snatching the opportunity and mark its presence in Ind ian market started working in unison with Renault and started building and selling the Logan in India.Both Mahindra and Renault shared the profit of gaining knowledge and expertise. MM would get all important expertise needed to build monocoque or unitary construction. Renault, on the other hand, would gain direct knowledge of the efficient supplier base that Mahindra enjoyed in India. A labour-intensive car plant was established as against a fully automated one to analyze the quality and cost-effective work force available in India. The two groups concluded a framework agreement for setting up a joint venture in India with Mahindra retaining a 51 per cent share and Renault 49 per cent. The JV will be called Mahindra Renault Ltd. The estimated project amount was 125 million Euros. With other European automotive counterparties like Fiat and Skoda had little presence this venture was also seen a major competition to them.Mahindra did a customer research in Logan segment and found str ong response for this C-segment car. Renault was looking for major global expansion along with India it was also starting its operations in Romania, Russia, Morocco, Colombia and Iran. Renault was looking for a long term relationship with Mahindra and Mahindra and was looking for greater prospects in coming years of 2010 to 2012. Renault chose Mahindra and Mahindra because of the following reasonsMahindra Group a US $ 2.5 billion company is the market leader in multi-utility vehicles and tractors in India.Mahindra and Mahindra had 55 years of manufacturing experienceMM had built its high network of distributors and suppliers in India efficientlyMahindra group had built a strong base in technology, engineering, marketing and finance (Mahindra intertrade and MM financial services Ltd.). It also has a significant presence in key sectors of the Indian economy noble presence in automotive components, information technology telecom (Mahindra British Telecom), and infrastructure developme nt (Mahindra GESCO, Mahindra Holidays Resorts India Ltd.)Mahindra had a reputation of providing TATA Motors the platform to harness the automotive growth in IndiaMM had not much presence in Sedan segment i.e. C-segment so Renault had no fears of having conflicts of interestMahindra as a brand was a trusted brand in India.With the leverage of Mahindra as a brand Renault was also leveraging its own brand in Logan, as the joint venture was called Mahindra-RenaultThe transfer of knowledge and technology was inversely beneficial for Renault and Mahindra, it was good symbiotic relationship

Control Of Sulphur Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay

Control Of Sulphur Dioxide environmental Sciences trySO2 is an kind of industry air pollution roughlyly from oil and char consumption , industry activities and traffics.According to research of EAP(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) more than one C million tons southward dioxide is discharged into the atmospheric state every stratum any over the world.In the nature, about of the sulphur emissions are in the H2S(hydrogen sulphide),CS2(carbon disulphide),COS(carbonyl sulphide) and some immanent compouds.Through burning,these organics which contain sulphur section discharge the sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere,which is sufficient to kick in serious environmental problem and harm humans health.SO2 pollution whitethorn ca somatogenetic exercise plants dead in a exceedingly high speed,and is change state easily into the wind,which may bring the acid rain that may distroy the exterior buildings.The nigh importantly,high concentrated SO2 in the atmosphere is able to kill pot or cause serious ills including bronchitis, emphysema and oculoglandular conjunctivitis. that,the mhoic acid,is a lowly pollutant.When sulphur dioxide is involved in additional chemical contradictions,it squirt react with oxygen and water to sulphuric acid which is the constituent of acid rain.(NATHANSON,J.(1986))Gener solelyy,to play the serious environmental problem, on that point are two research torwards in removing sulphur dioxidepretreatment and afterwards usurping. No social function what systems lot use were all include in such two research directions.Pretreatment agent fraction the south gene from the combust mineral before it was burned. Because the main organises of south element in burn are FeS2 and organic southward, generally, in industry people often use independent ways to do separation. For the inorganic entropy including FeS2, the most handed-down way is gravitational segregation which means separate the ore containing sulfur elem ent from the coal with the differences in constriction. Such method is passing monetary and technical saucer-eyed, however its effects sometimes are limited. Because of the differentia of the coal ore all over the world, the strainaway rate of the sulfur element is highly different. In some area the gravitational segregation raft sequester nearly 90% of the sulfur element in coal ore, while in some sealed coal mines of 40% of the total sulfur depicted object tolerate be wiped by.For the organic sulfur element, it seems that there is non a efffective pretreatment approach to mould it. What people can do is just absorb the SO2 from burning organic sulfocompound. Unfortunately, because of the complicated brass instrument of organic matter, generally, the sulfur contained in the coal ore would be burned in to a series of sulfocompounds including H2S,CS2,SO,SO2 or else of only SO2.So before people assimilate the SO2, people have to alter these compounds into SO2 first. No wdays the most common way is fluidized move back.Fludized tail end is a kind of constitution for gasification of coal which is created by Fritz Winkler of Germany on December 16, 1921. Since the early 1960s, Douglas Elliott put out front that the coal should be burned instead of gasifying coal in a bubbling fluidized bed, because the it can generate steam by immersing boiler tubes. In 1982, the first CFB boiler which can burn low-grade coal was make in the Vereingte Aluminum Werke at Luenen, Germany in 1982 which is designed exclusively for the fork up of steam and heat.The general gas-solid fluidizetion has 5 major application Energy conversion, Petro-chemical processing, mineral processing, Chemical and pharmaceutical and Physical processing, and the basic one is energy conversion. protrude 1.2 Schematic of a high temperature fluidized bed gasifierIn general coal would be fed into bubbling fludized bed at 950 degree. Steam would be fed into the base of the fluidized bed thro ugh a sparge pipe-type of distri butor. therefore the coal would tolerate the hot solids in the bed and the cleaned and utilize gasification products leave the bed from the top. In this process limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaCO3MgCO3) would be mixed with the coal ores to abstract the SO2 from the burning.The chemical equation is as follow(1.1)After the fluidized bed step, there is lighten approximately 20% SO2 left in the offgas. To solve this SO2, people need some technologies including Calcium-Based Reactions and Sodium-Based Reactions, which were called afterburning absorb.Until now, there is not a cut-rate and effective approach.The effective methods usually are expensive and lay a heavy burdon on finance,at the same time ,the gilded ones disable to guide the sulphur dioxide satisfactorily.The major in fakeation of this paper includes the benefits and defects of the traditional ways unconditional the SO2, the rational of the new aspect magnetic method, the problems m ay touch on and the solutions of this approach..The last purpose of the assignment is to point out a solution some(prenominal) financial and efficient. solely the experimentations and theories mentioned in this essay are establish on theories and dianoetic deductions.AnalysisAdvantagesNowdays in engineering aspect people are able to control the SO2 letting effectively, after all the steps the SO2 discharged into the atmosphere is less then 1%. Materials of these technologies are all hackneved,. Moreover, some certain technologies can get out a series of represent efficient blurb products such as vitrol and compound fertilizers.Pretreatment is shell method to control the sulfur dioxide, personally. non only because the FeS2 can be separated from the coal ore easily, but also FeS2 can be other useful stuffs in industry. Because of the characters of coal mines, the associate ore of coal is FeS2 generally. As a result the FeS2 ore occupies a magnanimous part of coal mines i n anywhere of the world, and the FeS2 ore is the most common material of puddling. So the pretreatment is a both efficient and financial approach.Fluidized bed is the sanction steps of the entirely sulfur dioxide, the absobents of fluidized bed are very cheap and common. So this technology resently is used widly in the countries which are occupying a spacious area such as China and American as a normal skill. And such technology is extraordinary suit for the large-scale factories.Afterburning entrancing is the most efficient way to control the sulfur dioxide discharging regardless of the concentration. The net consistence of SO2 in off gas which is disposed by the afterburning absorbing usually is less than 5%.In summary, the technologys resent used in the SO2 control are highly mature, however there are clam up some disadvantages can not be ignored.DisadvantagesAlthough pretreatment is the most efficient and financial method to control the sulfur dioxide, it has the deadliest defect the restriction of area. Because of the difference of the organization of coal ore in different area, such technology disables to be spreaded.For the fluidized bed the problems are secondary products and the processing ratio.When the chalks go into the boiler the active principle, CaCO3 would be resolve into CaO and CO2. The burned CO2 would sepatate out and enlarge the interspace on the CaO to form the lacunose CaO which can response with the SO2 easily. However it is impossible to make all of the CaO be the CaSO4, because the sulphating would make the interspace fullfilled by CaSO4. As a result the most chalks would not response with the SO2 and a great deal of chalks are wasted. Moreover, the secondary products are the mixture of CaSO4, CaO and CaCO3, so that the only way to manage them is dumping which may cause the salinized land.Afterburning absorbing is an efficient approach including wet limestone, wet tonic ash tree tree/caustic lime spray dryer, circulating lime reactor and sodium bicarbonate/trona injection to control the SO2,however, it also has irrefusable disadvantages the finance. After the mature two step there is a lot of SO2 in the offgas, most of which is CO2, so that afterburning absorbing usually is extremely expensive. Moreover such technology has a great deal of problems such as the corrosion on equipments, pipeline blocking and the lack of material use ratio.Discussion principlePersonally, the basic method to control the sulfur dioxide from the coal, is to separate the sulfur element from the coal ore before burning. In other words, to forbide the shaping of sulfur dioxide is the best way to control it .This kind of ideas is not impossible. If we can make most of the sulfur element separated from the coal before burned into sulfur dioxide, we do not need the afterburn aborbing.Personally people should use another aspect to think about the coal burning. The coal ore is consist of FeS2, ash content and organic organizations. Af ter the pretreatment, almost all of the FeS2 would be remove out of the coal ore, so most of the substance left is organics and ash content.In the fluidized bed, the coal would be transfor into gas, the majority of which is CO2 and sulfide gas. luckily the CO2 molecule organizationis nonpolar, and the most of sulfide gas is polar molecule, such as SO2. As we know gaseous material body and solid phase do not have the material difference, nowdays the magnetic quarter is used widely in the solid waste control. So it is possible that use the magnetic intensity in separating two kinds of gas which have differences in magnetism.Problems may meet and solutionThe biggest problem people may meet is the differences between CO2 and sulfur dioxide are too small. This kind of force is only a modest bigger than VDW(Van der Waals force), it is impossible to separate all of the CO2 and sulfide gas completely.The method to solve this problem rattling is very easy, which is magnify the differenc es of force suffered. As we know, at the same temperature and pession, the density of SO2 is bigger than that of CO2, that means the waxing velocity of CO2 is bigger than SO2. All the factories need chimneys which are used to let the off gas to swiftness atmosphere to forbid the impact on daily life. If we add a magnetic field at the bottom of the chimney, it is sure that CO2 would climb up some(prenominal) faster than SO2. That means we can magnify the differences of suffered force between SO2 and CO2.The second problem of this opinion is how to gather the SO2. In my way, it is still to use the magnetic force.The chimney in my plan is not simple one, it should the a concentric tube. There would be a lot of interspace all over the inside tube, which is used to separate the SO2 from the off gas. In the whole chimney, there would be a magnetic field, so that SO2 in the off gas would suffer the magnetic force which is able to make the SO2 psychometric test over the inside tube. The outside tube is obfurage, so that SO2 would not be discharged into the atmosphere.The last problem is finance. It seems that the technologies and skills used nowdays play a let out role in financial problems than the method mentioned above due to the high cost of basic built and daily causation consumption.Although I can not submit the compellent datas about the basic built and daily consumption, I strongly believe that it performs better on the finance than the technologies and skills used now. around skills of afterburning absorb would consume 15% electronic of the total vield for effect plant. That means only 85% power is useful. On the other hand the power consumed in establishing magnetic field is obviously much less. All the power plants in the world would have chimneys, so the basic building cost would not be unacceptable. Furthurmore the secondary product sulfur dioxide is the resource of manufacturing vitriol. In my opinion, the consumption in power even would be less than the currency earned from the secondary product.Advantages and disadvantagesIn comparison of any other technologies and skills, the supreme advantage of magnetic force is no secondary pollution. No matter what kind of skills used now have the problem of secondary pollution, such as the mixture of CaCO3 and CaSO4. These substances can not be recycled and do not have financial values, the simple managements such as landfill may cause the salinization and soil erosion. On the other side the secondary products of the magnetic method is the mixture of SO2 and CO2. This mixture is able to react with O2 under the catalysis of V2O5 to produce vitriol which can be the chemical engineering material. Furthurmore, this approach is extremely adequate for the Third World Countries. As we know, because of the financial problems the environmental problems in the Third World Countries usually are usually negelected. Controlling the sulfur dioxide is a heavy burdon on the companies and coutrie s of the Third World. If they can create frugal benefits from controlling SO2, it is obvious that there would not be any problems on the popularize in the Third World countries.However, it also has some problems the most evident one is the problem of strainaway rate. Due to the restriction of circumstance, I can not do any experiment until now, so nobody knows how much the strainaway rate is. The most urgent and effective solution is doing experiments. Any priceless and successful technologies and skills are based on doing a mass of experiment to find problems and change the process. Moreover it seems that to reach the target mentioned above, there would be a simple but endless process, that means it is only suitable to the sweeping factories.ConclusionIn conclusion, the way that author put front obviously is a new aspect to regard the control of sulfur dioxide. After more than 100 years research on the traditional methods, they are all extremely ripe and difficult to improve. T he magenic approach has the innate superiorities in comparision of the traditional ways. It is a definit physical technology which means there would not be any new extra pllutant to harm the environment. Moreover compared with the other new methods researched now, it is incredible convinient. All the basic building can be remaked from the existing equipments such as chimney and fluidized bed. In evolution countries such as China and Africa countries which are not willing to establish attention on the environmenal security, this technology can improve their enthusiasm, because they can gain a high economical benefits from the secondary products vitrial with only a little investment. Although there are still some undeniable problems on this magenic way, it moldiness be a valuable toward to research.The method mentioned in this paper is based on the 4 years experience in studying environmental subject of the author. Although the perspective and theoretical knowledge are sometimes u ninitiate and idealize, I strongly believe that this method must be valuable. Not only because the method itself, but also the aspect to deliberate and research. Environmental science is a wide ranged major which is not restricted in chemistry or biology, but also physics, physical chemistry, manage and biochemistry. The workers of defend environment should expanse their own field of vision to all the relational knowledge instead of the major itself. In this career, not matter the organizations and physical properties, not matter the fields people consentrate on, as environment protection workers, we can all learn a lot of things and acquire eagerness from the whole science and engineering region.

The Green Mile by Stephen King :: Movies Film

The Green Mile by Stephen King is the twaddle of man with god-given powers of improve sentenced to finale and the change he cause in the prison guards. The ascendants of compassion and sacrifice can be seen in this novel. The theme of compassion is very much a ploughshare of this book. One part especially shows this truth. Percy, a prison guard, crushes a death row prisoners embrace mouse, which the prisoner loved more than life itself. This cruel act displays Percys perfect lack of compassion and how little he cares about other people. Also, this live up to blazes the way for another heartless act of ruthlessness. When Percy is scheduled to be the executioner on death row, he accidentally does something wrong. Instead of taking the standardised precautions to make death by the electric chair swift and painless, his splay makes the death of Eduard Delacroix go slowly and painfully. After causing this agonizing death, Percy gets what he deserves and is never mentioned again. When a towering black man named deception Coffey is sentenced to death by the electric chair, the prison guards assume that he was as sheepish as any death row prisoner. But later, they start to desire that he is being punished for a crime which he did not commit. They learn that he was found holding two dead girls and pattern to have killed them. The truth was that he was trying to use his god-given gift of healing to save the murdered children. The prison guards made it their mission to keep John Coffey from experiencing the cruel death which so many before had faced. They had a invent for Coffeys salvation all worked out. Surprisingly, when they asked Coffey if he wanted to escape, he replied that he could not stand all the misery and hate going on in the world, and that he wanted to die.

wheelchair :: essays research papers

The Technological EnvironmentInva compassionate deal is the leading manufacturer and distributor of non-acute wellness care products. The company designs, manufactures and distributes an grand line of health care products for the non-acute care environment, including the home health care, retail and extended care securities industrys. Invacare continuously revises and expands its product lines to meet changing market demands and currently offers over 25,000 home health care and medical equipment provider locations through tabu the world. Several factors will contribute to the growth in the sales of domestic home medical equipment products. Life expectancy has continued to make up over the years and the growth in the population over 65 will increase in the coming years. The Department of Health and gentleman Services (DHHS) states that the aver date life expectancy for men and women who reach the age of 65 is now 81 and 84. The DHHS also reports that volume age 65 or older re position the vast majority of home health care patients and will increase from 12% of the population in 2000 to 20% of the population by the year 2050. A large percentage of people using home and community based health care go are 65 years of age or older. To serve and suck business from this growing population Invacare will need to address their present and future product lines.Medical equipment has become increasingly adaptable for substance abuse in the home due to technological advances. Patients are discharged primarily form hospitals than in previous years, which lengthens recovery periods outside of the hospital. In increase continuing medical advances prolong the lives of adults and children, which increases the demand for home medical care equipment. To address this growing market Invacare has come out with several new-fashioned products. The HomeFill II Patient Convenience Pack ML4 is an all new man-portable atomic number 8 supply system that is lightweight and li ghtheaded to transport for oxygen patients. Patients can fill their cylinders themselves in their own home, which gives them freedom and independence they no longer have to wait for cylinder deliveries. A new bariatrics programme offers complete solutions approach for the bariatric provider and their clients and features the full line of Invacare bariatric products. Making it easy to find the right product, the bariatric catalog employs color coding to sort products by weight capacity. The Invacare Full Electric Low Bed was designed for situations where data track are not desirable or appropriate, but injuries from falling out of bed are still a concern.

Tennis Essay -- essays research papers

As we all know, America is a demesne of summercaters enthusiasts. Most Americans participate is some kind of sporting event, either as a spectator or as a competitor. In the pantheon of abundant American sports, there is one that stands out. It has been called the great American pastime. Yes, that great sport known as tennis. Tennis requires a mastery of many skills to be able to play competitively, but the primary skill needed to grow in tennis is the serve. The serve is the primary offensive weapon utilize I tennis, because it is the only time when a player gets to put a ball into play. The player controls the speed, the placement, and the spin of the ball. With proper procedure, the serve can further many points and games for the server. The technique I will demonstrate is used by most professional ten...

Wal-Mart Company Strategy :: Wal Mart Walmart Business Papers Analysis

This essay will examine Wal-Marts club dodge in several sections. Three elements of successful strategy formulation and a fourth element, which exemplifies the implementation process of company strategy, will be looked at. Followed by this, an analysis of key factors contributing to this strategy will be detailed. These embarrass looking at Wal-Marts competitive strategy, the CEOs leadership, and company strategy strengths and weakness assessment. The square used to analyze Wal-Mart strategy consists of the companys annual reports, its Fact Sheets and other culture found on the company Internet site. Other information is obtained from off-of-door sources such as Fortune Magazine, and from outside groups who are critical of the corporation. The reduce of this analysis will be berthd on identifying the resources of the firm, its weaknesses and strengths in harm of its competitive environment. The sections examined will highlight the leadership style of Wal-Mart CEO H. leeward Scott, who inherited the corporate legacy of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Other elements such as the culture, the corporate organization and values of the company come to play. 1. strategic Goals This section looks at three successful elements of strategy formulation and a fourth element, where the strategy is implemented successfully. These are as follows find the retail Market wherever Wal-Mart has a presence. Growth by expansion in the US and Internationally. Create widespread name recognition and customer expiation with the Wal-Mart brand, and associate the retailer with the reputation of offering the best prices. Branching out into new sectors of retail such as pharmacies, automotive repair, and grocery sales. a. Dominate the Retail Market Everywhere A key strategy of Wal-Mart is to shadow the retail market. Company founder Sam Walton put in place a retail philosophy the company still follows. Wal-Mart is primarily a discount retailer because they sell their products a t the lowest possible prices. By selling at the lowest price. Walton outlines that the essence of successful discount retailing to cut the price on an item as much as possible, lowering the markup, and earn profit on the increased volume of sales. (Wal-Mart price philosophy document, www.walmart.com). Another subset of this strategy is the competitiveness of every unit. Each stock certificate is encouraged to ferociously compete against all other stores in its customer base until the Wal-Mart store gains dominance over its local competitors (Quinn, 2, 115). Wal-Mart is currently stratified as the worlds number one retailer and the number one company in the world in terms of sales (over $200 billion) on the Fortune 500 list (www.

The Battle Against Obesity Essay -- Overweight Weight Obese Essays

Obesity is a disease that affects nearly ternion of the adult the Statesn population, or approximately 60 million Americans. The lean of overweight and obese Americans has continued to increase since 1960, a trend that shows no sign of subsidence. Today, 64.5 percent, or about 127 million adult Americans are categorized as being overweight or obese. Each year, fleshiness causes at least 300,000 surplus deaths in the U.S., and healthcare costs of American adults with obesity amount to approximately $100 billion. Obesity is characterized by increased system weight and is caused by the excessive accumulation of fat. By taking in more calories than are burned on a daily basis, the excess is then stored in your body as fat. Doctors and scientists generally agree that custody with more than 25 percent of body fat and women with more than 30 percent of body fat are considered to be overweight. However, it is difficult to musical rhythm body fat precisely. The body mass index (BMI) ha s become the to the highest degree common method used in medical standard today. Among several(prenominal) factors such as diet and exercise, there are five briny causes that contribute to the growing number of obese people in America environmental factors, psychological factors, genetic or hereditary factors, underlying carnal factors, and medication factors. Our environment plays a huge part in many a(prenominal) cases of obesity. Environmental factors include lifestyle behaviors such as what and how much a person eats and how active they ten...

Sylvia Plath :: essays research papers fc

The Many Views of Sylvia PlathPulitzer kale winner, Sylvia Plath began hermisunderstood life on October 27, 1932, in JamaciaPlains Massachusetts. She was born to Otto and AureliaPlath, who were both teachers (Sylvia Plath).Her begetwas a professor at Boston University. He studiedbees.(Personal Influences) Plath has been seen in avariety of ways as a tragic poet, the all-American, girlfriend next-door, but, most of all, a heroine of thefeminist movement. Plaths life was haunted by visions of her past. Her father died when she was eight from neglecteddiabetes, after the amputation of a toe, and eventuallyand completed leg (Personal Influences). Otto Plath wasdiabetic, yet chose to ignore doctors warnings aboutcertain prohibited foods. He projected an arrogantself-confidence as if nothing could defeat him. It wasthis like arrogance that caused his death. (PersonalInfluences). Plath never fully recovered from herfathers haywire passing (Personal Influences). Shefelt betrayed, and w as consumed by her own guilt. Shefelt that if he love her more, he would have takenbetter care of himself. Otto Plath is a come abouttheme in her works. Her poem ,Daddy, expresses herresentment and bitterness toward being tumble-down by him (Personal Influences). After receiving straight As throughout utmostschool, Plath attended Smith University. In the summerof 1953, she received the opportunity to go to New Yorkand intern with Mademoiselle. While in New York, Plathsuffered an emotional breakdown. She plunged into adeep depression (Sylvia Plath). When she returned hometo Boston, where she was living with her mother (whomshe hated), she took a smattering of sleeping pills, andattempted to end her life (Sylvia Plath). After this,she was sent to McLean Hospital, to be treated formental illness (Sylvia Plath).Upon her release from the hospital, she returnedto Smith, and then to Cambridge, England to study atNewnham College. (Sylvia Plath) Here she met, fell inlove with, and, after four months, matrimonial the futurePoet Laureate of England, Ted Hughes (Gray). The twowere together for six years, and produced two childrentogether, Frieda in 1960 and Nicholas in 1962, (SylviaPlath). However, Hughes left Plath for Assia Wevil inthe winter of 1962 (Sylvia Plath). Desperate andalone, Plath sealed arrive at the doors to her childrensrooms on February 11, 1963, placed her head in a gasoven, and died (Sylvia Plath). Ironically, AssiaWelvill eventually butchered herself in the same exact wayas Plath (Kirjasto). Hughes felt that he was powerless to help Plath. He believed that she was destined to kill herselfbecause of her fixation with her father (Gray). Whathappens in the heart simply happens, Hughes said

Children and Gangs Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Children and crowds bunch violence is a huge problem in America today. much and more children are joining gangs every day. It has become evident that these gangs do up of young multitude are causing numerous problems. Gang violence and gang activities impact all of those around the gang members. The kids in these gangs are hurting themselves, each other, their families, and the communities around them. Those who are associated with the gangs through family ties or just those who are associated with the gangs through geographical location. Before we can guess how gangs effect the people and communities around them we essential freshman understand what gangs in truth are. We must try and understand how the gang members think, how they react to certain situations, and what makes them do what they do. First of all, why do youth join gangs in the first place? oft young people join gangs for a scent out of belonging. When children are not getting the attention they need from other people they turn to those who will give them the sense of belonging that they long for. Often gangs form in, areas with weak family and neighborhood controls, especially poor urban slum area areas. Children with low parental supervision often spend much of their conviction on the streets(Lo,38). Once in a gang, the gang becomes the childs family. Everything the child does is for the gang. Gang members fight to protect what the members value, and to protect the integrity of the group...gang members go after in violent behavior to impress others and to reinforce their own vanity(Lo,40). In order to gain status and respect in a gang, the gang member must give everything for the gang. The gang member must in fact have the willingness to r... ...orces, Vol. 75 No. 2 celestial latitude 1996, pg. 619-645. Lo, Chun-Nui, A Social Model of Gang Related Violence, Free research In Creative Sociology, Vol 19 no. 1, may 1991, pg. 36-43. Osgood, Wayne et al., R outine Activities and deviate Behavior, American Sociological Review, Vol. 61 no. 4, August 1996, pg 635-655. Brantley, Gangs, Vol.63, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, May 1,1994, pp1-8 (Article) Kennedy, Leslie and Stephen Baron, Routine Activities And A Subculture Of Violence A Study Of Violence On The Street, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 30 No. 1, Febuary 1993, pp. 88-112 (Journal) Lo, Chun-Nui (Celia), A Social Model Of Gang-Related Violence, Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology, Vol 19 No 1, May1991, pp. 36-43 (Journal) Shakur, Sanyika, Monster The Autobiography Of An L.A. Gang Member,Penguin Book Ltd., 1993

Inadequate Support Systems for an African American Adult with Breast Ca

exposition of the fussA reassert administration is defined as a network of people who provide an individualistic with practical or delirious accompaniment (Merriam-Websters, 2014). In the area of wellnesscare, a lack of adequate support governing body will negatively impact the health of an individual in multiple areas of care. This can let in issues that arise not only from an individual aspect, but also through lack of support on hearty, emotional, instrumental, as well as informational levels. A lack of social support system means that one does not have close ties or significant relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, or members of the community. Social and emotional support is an essential part of health care involving all disease and illness, but even more so when chronic illness such as pubic louse is involved. This is evident in numerous studies which have found social and emotional support to be strongly correlated to feelings of positivity, mutuali ty, and improved mental health outcomes among patients with cancer (Wenzel et al., 2012). Additionally, social support provides functional resources that affect a patients scout on his or her health status. Instrumental support may include items such as the provision of financial assistance, while informational support cogency be receiving feedback from others to help patients motivate themselves to accomplish their goals (Ashing-Giwa et al., 2012). The term support system affects many aspects of an individuals health care which, when considered all together, heighten to influence the patient most often on social and psychosocial planes of care.ProblemThe focus of this discussion is patient Regina, a 53-year-old African American charwoman who was diagnosed with breast cancer in Octobe... ...ificance in the healthcare plane.Wenzel, J., Jones, R. A., Klimmek, R., Krumm, S., Darrell, L. P., Song, D., Stearns, V., & Ford, J. G. (2012). Cancer support and resource require among Afr ican American older adults. Clinical ledger of Oncology Nursing, 16, 4, 372-7.The purpose of this study was to obtain experiential data on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and gather recommendations from survivors regarding treatment-related needs, strategies, and psychosocial support. Results indicate that the need for cancer-specific education, importance of faith and spirituality, accessibility of support, and identifying financial needs were the main issues recognized as important needs for the cancer patient. This article was useful in providing additional strategies and resources to implement in encouraging the formation of strong social support in individuals with cancer.

Cuban Missile Crisis Essay -- History, Russian Nuclear Weapon

The discovery of the atomic missiles in Cuba was a vast spell point in the way that the gentlemans gentleman would progress in damage of communication and various entertainment and political positions from that point forward. Before the assumptions of the unify States were proved ab step up the Soviet Union holding nuclear weapons in Cuba, there was a great lack of communications between the nations that caused major conflict between these two nations. The moment the nations got connected many problems could be solved, but until that point in time, there was misunderstanding and an apprehension of the unsung among many people who inhabited the United Sates. The Cuban missile crisis was the branch of a revolution in communications between nations, but the activate to a great deal of worry among the people of the United States and former(a) surrounding nations. People just did not cut what to believe when it came polish up to the effects that these nuclear weapons were go ing to have on the nation and the world as a whole. There was what could be considered a revolution as advancements showed up and new ideas and even cartoons came out, all with the universal basis of nuclear weapons. The positives outweigh the negatives on many levels and show that something that seemed so terrible unfeignedly brought about many positive changes for the nation.The Cuban Missile Crisis began on October 14, 1962 when U-2 flying crews took photos over Cuba that were hence analyzed meticulously by experts, who in one shot found that there were in fact Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba (Compston, 228). The Soviet Union and the United States were exceptionally close to an all out nuclear war that could have wiped out the entire human population. Photos were taken from a spy plane... ..., there was a huge need for the Cuban Missile crisis to occur and for the missiles in Cuba to be discovered, for the reason that if it had not happened, then there would still be a l ack of communication to this day, or there would have been for numerous years to come, and the nation as we know it may not still be standing. This event in explanation was signifi raiset because it in fact did lead to the connection of the world to apiece other and therefore eliminated abundant tribulations. The nations would never have been connected by something as necessary as a hotline as early as they were at the time. Ultimately, the positives outweighed the negatives in that the only true negative was charge, and this fear was the fear of the unknown. Even something that has the skin or cover of destruction and disaster can have an underlying reassurance of a positive ending or outcome.

Using Language to Describe Allegorical Figures Essay -- John Milton Ed

Using Language to draw off Allegorical FiguresMilton and Spenser are both describing awful situations in theirrelative poems, Milton concentrating on an empty existence, filledwith gloom and despair in fact the really description is of gloom anddespair, whilst Milton is describing an encounter with the gates ofhell itself, and indeed dickens terrible creatures, make an atmosphereof pure and utter evil flocculated with horror.Miltons voice communication suggests ultimate evil, words that over centurieshave been distorted to lessen their certain dramatic meaning. Wecasually use words like terrible, when describing the weather. InMiltons poem, words like terrible exist to talk about unimaginable consternation filled situations. When Milton uses the phrase terrible ashell, he is saying it is so terrible it is beyond any hu hu domain beingsscomprehension. To create horror, Milton uses dark words to take a crap upevil imagery, e.g. fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell. Usingthese extreme adjectives consecutively, it is as if we can outline thebeast increment as the description continues.Another thing that helps illustrate the mental picture of the scene isthe introduction of shadow and fantasm Black it stood as night.This darkness also adds to Miltons description of the shapelessblob-like figure. Shapeless blob does not do Miltons descriptionjustice. It is a dark, evil figure, both striding and gliding towardsyou, almost as if it has no fixed shape and thus could envelop youentirely. The uncertainty regarding whether it is particle accelerator like shadow orgooey substance also increases the fear, the unknown, and theunimaginable.Milton uses galore(postnominal) evil comparisons and similes, so, should theadjectives fail to gi... ...egard to the man, Spenser tries to emphasize everything abouthim is low status. In Spensers mind, the man is dirty, in the extremesense of the word. Spenser portrays this when he says low sitting onthe maroon This also sho ws Spenser associates this figure with beinglow, soulless bound to the ground forever. He has greesie locks,which is long growen an unbound which put together means the man isextremely filthy and unhygienic, as he has not washed, cleaned orprepare himself.Spenser ends describing a dead person, bringing new filth and hopelessdespair into the atmosphere. The drearie coarse, which was allwallowed in his own yet luke-warme blood, the thought of the run throughy,knife, is also disgusting, because the rust would cause a heavyinfection should the victim recover causing even more suffering nochance for recovery, despair.

A Solution to E-Waste Essays -- Recycling Electronics

Over the past decade there was a profound development achieved in the sphere of high technologies production. instantaneously the scale of electronics market becomes wider and spins up day by day with a cyclic launch of new electronic appliances with enhanced features. According to the Consumer Electronics experience (CEA), consumers were expected to purchase 500 million units of consumer electronics in the US in 2008. (Electronics Takeback coalition, 2010) Consequently, a clear tendency toward rapid substitution of electronic appliances poop be observed. A high rate in electronics upgrading shortens their lifespan and results in following stockpiling of needless gadgets, which become a part of municipal take in. These end-of-life electronic devices are often called electronic waste, or e-waste. As Brett H. Robinson (2009) claims, now worldwide production of e-waste reaches approximately 20-25 million tons being toss every year with the largest proportion in Europe, the Unite d States and Australasia. Hence, the problem of e-waste governing management grows into a serious global challenge. As it was reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection come alongncy (EPA) 2.6 million tons of electronic waste were generated in 2005 and only estimated 330,000 tons were recycled. (Kim A. OConnell, 2007) Thereby a very subtle percentage of electronic waste undergoes recycling process, as a big part is stockpiled in landfills or incinerated with the rest of solid municipal waste. This establish will present main points of e-waste management issue, analyze possible approaches to the problem, such as export to developing countries for re-use, takeback and recycling programs, or so-called wide producer responsibility. Finally, the essay will sum up w... ... Waste Age 88-92 Robinson, B.H. 2009. E-waste an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Science for the total environment 408(2) 183-191. http//www.kiwiscience.com/JournalArticles/STOTEN20 09.pdf (accessed January 4, 2011)Stephenson, J.B. 2008. Electronic Waste Harmful U.S. exports flow virtually unrestricted because of minimal EPA enforcement and narrow regulation. United States Government Accountability Office, http//www.gao.gov/new.items/d081166t.pdf (accessed October 28, 2010)Umesi, N.O. and S. Onyia. 2008. Disposal of ewastes in Nigeria an appraisal of regulations and current practices. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World bionomics 15(6) 565-573. http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=22&sid=33791215-436d-410f-a19b-47492b147141%40sessionmgr14&vid=7 (accessed January 4, 2011)

Hector Tobars The Tattooed Soldier Essay -- The Tattooed Soldier Essa

Downtown Los Angeles is one of the busiest commercial centers in the united States. However, the city holds two groups of people in different economic level-the unsettled and the working class. Hector Tobar frequently includes the landscape of the setting in business district Los Angeles in The Tattooed Soldier. The novel is about(predicate) two immigrants from Guatemala who have moved to Los Angeles. The protagonist, Antonio, takes a revenge on the antagonist, Longoria because he murdered Antonios wife and son when he was a Guatemalan soldier. Tobar applies a number of metaphors to connect the buildings and freeways in downtown to Antonios position in the city. Buildings, freeways, and shadows are metaphors for Antonios economic and social status.Tobar uses description of buildings to honour Antonios economic and social position in life. He informs the reader about the squat apartment buildings when the protagonist is on the way to a homeless person camp, which have a square c ontrast with the skyscrapers where Antonio observes later. Everyone can see the skyscrapers, exactly non many people know the existence of the short apartments. Tobar uses the invisibility of these apartments to reflect the inferiority of the protagonist in Los Angeles. Antonios existence is the least significant as an illegal immigrant. He is seen as a parasite that is not accepted by the city. The apartment owner, Hwang, even forces him to leave with a appoint to the police (9). On the other hand, the auth...