Mass Murder at Babi Yar Ravine

Before there were gas chambers, the Nazis used guns to kill Jews and others in large numbers during the Holocaust. Babi Yar, a ravine located just outside of  Kiev, was the site where  the Nazis  murdered approximately 100,000 people. The killing began with a large group on September 29-30, 1941, but continued for months. The German Takeover After the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, they pushed east. By September 19, they had reached Kiev. It was a confusing time for the inhabitants of Kiev. Though a large portion of the population had family either in the Red Army or had evacuated into the interior of the Soviet Union, many inhabitants welcomed the German Armys takeover of Kiev. Many believed the Germans would free them from Stalins oppressive regime. Within days they would see the true face of the invaders. Explosions Looting began immediately. Then the Germans moved into Kievs downtown on Kreshchatik Street. On September 24 - five days after the Germans entered Kiev - a bomb exploded around four oclock in the afternoon at the German headquarters. For days, bombs exploded in buildings in the Kreshchatik that had been occupied by Germans. Many Germans and civilians were killed and injured. After the war, it was determined that a group of NKVD members was left behind by the Soviets to offer some resistance against the conquering Germans. But during the war, the Germans decided it was the work of Jews, and retaliated for the bombings against the Jewish population of Kiev. The Notice By the time the bombings finally stopped on September 28, the Germans already had a plan for retaliation. On this day, the Germans posted a notice all over town that read: All [Jews] living in the city of Kiev and its vicinity are to report by 8 oclock on the morning of Monday, September 29th, 1941, at the corner of Melnikovsky and Dokhturov Streets (near the cemetery). They are to take with them documents, money, valuables, as well as warm clothes, underwear, etc. Any [Jew] not carrying out this instruction and who is found elsewhere will be shot. Any civilian entering flats evacuated by [Jews] and stealing property will be shot. Most people in town, including the Jews, thought this notice meant deportation. They were wrong. Reporting for Deportation On the morning of September 29, tens of thousands of Jews arrived at the appointed location. Some arrived extra early in order to ensure themselves a seat on the train. Most waited hours in this crowd - only slowly moving toward what they thought was a train. The Front of the Line Soon after people passed through the gate into the Jewish cemetery, they reached the front of the mass of people. Here, they were to leave their baggage. Some in the crowd wondered how they would be reunited with their possessions; some believed it would be sent in a luggage van. The Germans were counting out only a few people at a time and then letting them move farther on. Machine-gun fire could be heard nearby. For those that realized what was happening and wanted to leave, it was too late. There was a barricade staffed by Germans who were checking identification papers of those wanting out. If the person was Jewish, they were forced to remain. In Small Groups Taken from the front of the line in groups of ten, they were led to a corridor, about four or five feet wide, formed by rows of soldiers on each side.  The soldiers were holding sticks and would hit the Jews as they went by. There was no question of being able to dodge or get away. Brutal blows, immediately drawing blood, descended on their heads, backs and shoulders from left and right. The soldiers kept shouting: Schnell, schnell! laughing happily, as if they were watching a circus act; they even found ways of delivering harder blows in the more vulnerable places, the ribs, the stomach and the groin. Screaming and crying, the Jews exited the corridor of soldiers onto an area overgrown with grass.  Here they were ordered to undress. Those who hesitated had their clothes ripped off them by force, and were kicked and struck with knuckledusters or clubs by the Germans, who seemed to be drunk with fury in a sort of sadistic rage. 7 Babi Yar Babi Yar is the name of a ravine in the northwestern section of Kiev. A. Anatoli described the ravine as enormous, you might even say majestic: deep and wide, like a mountain gorge. If you stood on one side of it and shouted you would scarcely be heard on the other.8 It was here that the Nazis shot the Jews. In small groups of ten, the Jews were taken along the edge of the ravine. One of the very few survivors remembers she looked down and her head swam, she seemed to be so high up. Beneath her was a sea of bodies covered in blood. Once the Jews were lined up, the Nazis used a machine-gun to shoot them. When shot, they fell into the ravine. Then the next were brought along the edge and shot. According to the Einsatzgruppe Operational Situation Report No. 101, 33,771 Jews were killed at  Babi Yar  on September 29 and 30.10  But this was not the end of the killing at Babi Yar. More Victims The Nazis next rounded up Gypsies and killed them at Babi Yar. Patients of the Pavlov Psychiatric Hospital were gassed and then dumped into the ravine. Soviet prisoners of war were brought to the ravine and shot. Thousands of other civilians were killed at Babi Yar for trivial reasons, such as a mass shooting in retaliation for just one or two people breaking a Nazi order. The killing continued for months at Babi Yar. It is estimated that 100,000 people were murdered there. Babi Yar: Destroying the Evidence By mid-1943, the Germans were on the retreat; the Red Army was advancing west. Soon, the Red Army would liberate Kiev and its surroundings. The Nazis, in an effort to hide their guilt, tried to destroy evidence of their killings - the mass graves at Babi Yar. This was to be a gruesome job, so they had prisoners do it. The Prisoners Not knowing why they had been chosen, 100 prisoners from the Syretsk concentration camp (near Babi Yar) walked toward Babi Yar thinking they were to be shot. They were surprised when Nazis attached shackles onto them. Then surprised again when the Nazis gave them dinner. At night, the prisoners were housed in a cave-like hole cut into the side of the ravine. Blocking the entrance/exit was an enormous gate, locked with a large padlock. A wooden tower faced the entrance, with a machine-gun aimed at the entrance to keep watch over the prisoners. 327 prisoners, 100 of whom were Jews, were chosen for this horrific work. The Ghastly Work On August 18, 1943, the work began. The prisoners were divided into brigades, each with its own part of the cremation process. Digging:  Some prisoners had to dig into the mass graves. Since there were numerous mass graves at Babi Yar, most had been covered with dirt. These prisoners removed the top layer of dirt in order to expose the corpses.Hooking:  Having fallen into the pit after having been shot and having been underground for up to two years, many of the bodies had twisted together and were difficult to remove from the mass. The Nazis had constructed a special tool to disentangle and pull/drag the corpses. This tool was metal with one end shaped into a handle and the other shaped into a hook.The prisoners who had to pull the corpses out of the grave would place the hook under the corpses chin and pull - the body would follow the head. Sometimes the bodies were so firmly stuck together that two or three of them came out with one hook. It was often necessary to hack them apart with axes, and the lower layers had to be dynamited several times. The Nazis drank vodka to drown out the smell and the scenes; the prisoners werent even allowed to wash their hands.Removing Valuables:  After the bodies were pulled out of the mass grave, a few prisoners with pliers would search the victims mouths for gold. Other prisoners would remove clothing, boots, etc. from the bodies. (Though the Jews had been forced to undress before they were killed, later groups were often shot fully clothed.)Cremating the Bodies:  After the bodies had been checked for valuables, they were to be cremated. The pyres were carefully constructed for efficiency. Granite tombstones were brought from the nearby Jewish cemetery and laid flat on the ground. Wood was then stacked on top of it. Then the first layer of bodies was carefully laid on top of the wood so that their heads were on the outside. The second layer of bodies was then carefully placed on the first, but with the heads on the other side. Then, the prisoners placed more wood. And again, another lay er of bodies was placed on top - adding layer after layer. Approximately 2,000 bodies would be burned at the same time. To start the fire, gasoline was doused over the pile of bodies. The [stokers] got the fire going underneath and also carried burning torches along the rows of projecting heads. The hair, soaked in oil [gasoline], immediately burst into bright flame - that was why they had arranged the heads that way. Crushing the Bones:  The ashes from the pyre were scooped up and brought to another group of prisoners. Large pieces of bone that had not burned in the fire needed to be crushed to fully destroy the evidence of Nazi atrocities. Jewish tombstones were taken from the nearby cemetery to crush the bones. Prisoners then passed the ashes through a sieve, looking for large bone pieces that needed to be further crushed as well as searching for gold and other valuables. Planning an Escape The prisoners worked for six weeks at their gruesome task. Though they were exhausted, starving, and filthy, these prisoners still held on to life. There had been a couple of earlier escape attempts by individuals, after which, a dozen or more other prisoners were killed in retaliation. Thus, it was decided amongst the prisoners that the prisoners would have to escape as a group. But how were they to do this? They were hindered by shackles, locked in with a large padlock, and aimed at with a machine gun. Plus, there was at least one informer among them. Fyodor Yershov finally came up with a plan that would hopefully  would allow at least a few of the prisoners to reach safety. While working, the prisoners often found small items that the victims had brought with them to Babi Yar - not knowing they were to be murdered. Among these items were scissors, tools, and keys. The escape plan was to gather items that would help remove the shackles, find a key that would unlock the padlock, and find items that could be used to help them attack the guards. Then they would break their shackles, unlock the gate, and run past the guards, hoping to avoid being hit by machine-gun fire. This escape plan, especially in hindsight, seemed nearly impossible. Yet, the prisoners broke into groups of ten to search for the needed items. The group that was to search for the key to the padlock had to sneak and try hundreds of different keys in order to find the one that worked. One day, one of the few Jewish prisoners, Yasha Kaper, found a key that worked. The plan was almost ruined by an accident. One day, while working, an SS  man hit a prisoner. When the prisoner landed on the ground, there was a rattling sound. The SS man soon discovered that the prisoner was carrying scissors. The SS man wanted to know what the prisoner was planning on using the scissors for. The prisoner replied, I wanted to cut my hair. The SS man began to beat him while repeating the question. The prisoner could have easily revealed the escape plan, but did not. After the prisoner had lost  consciousness  he was thrown  onto  the fire. Having the key and other needed materials, the prisoners realized they needed to set a date for the escape. On September 29 one of the SS officers warned the prisoners that they were going to be killed the following day. The date for the escape was set for that night. The Escape Around two oclock that night, the prisoners tried to unlock the padlock. Though it took two turns of the key to  unlock  the lock, after the first turn, the lock made a noise which alerted the guards. The prisoners managed to make it back to their bunks before they were seen.   After the change in guard, the prisoners tried turning the lock  a second  turn. This time the lock did not make a noise and opened. The known informer was killed in his sleep. The rest of the prisoners were woken up and all worked on removing their shackles. The guards noticed the noise from the removal of the shackles and came to investigate. One prisoner thought quickly and told the guards that the prisoners were fighting over the potatoes that the guards had left in the bunker earlier. The guards thought this was funny and left. Twenty minutes later, the prisoners rushed out of the bunker en masse in an effort to escape. Some of the prisoners came upon guards and attacked them; others kept on running. The machine gun operator didnt want to shoot because, in the dark, he was afraid he would hit some of his own men. Out of all the prisoners, only 15 succeeded in escaping.

Alzheimer s Disease, Cancer, And Stroke - 3024 Words

First described by German physician, Alois Alzheimer, in the early 1900s, Alzheimer’s disease is now the fourth most prevalent cause of death- after heart disease, cancer, and stroke (AD- a guide for families). Most common in adults 65 or older, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is regarded as â€Å"a loss of intellectual abilities sufficient enough to interfere with everyday social and occupational functioning† (AD- a guide for families). Victims of AD are unable to think abstractly, find similarities and differences between related words, and have trouble defining words and concepts. Other common symptoms include disturbances in language, or aphasia, an inability to carry out motor activities, or apraxia, and a failure to recozinge or identify†¦show more content†¦Some physicians also prescribe high doses of vitamin E for cognitive changes. The most common treatments today are cholinesterase inhibitors (FDA-approved drug), memantine (FDA-approved drug), vitami n E, and many alternative herbal treatments including caprylic acid, coconut oil, and coral calcium. With all of the treatments out there though, it is difficult to discern which is the best one. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the different treatments available today in order to find the best line of treatment for AD. In order to do so, we will be looking at the efficacy, side effects, cost effectiveness, availability, dosage, and those most likely to benefit from each treatment. Before we can look at these treatments, however, we must first look at how the brain communicates in order to understand how these treatment work. The brain is made up of a network of nerve cells, or neurons, that communicate with each other through electrical impulses. These neurons communicate at synapses, or where two neurons â€Å"meet.† At the synapses, small bursts of chemicals called neurotransmitters carry information from one cell to another. AD disrupts this process, damaging the brain’s communication network by destroying synapses and killing neurons (http://www.alz.org/research/science/alzheimers_disease_treatments.asp#future). Current FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors help to combat the destruction of

Application Of Direct Sales Comparison - 880 Words

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Comparative Evaluation in Slave Life Harriet Jacobs and...

This paper is a comparative evaluation I did between the autobiographical experiences of two former slaves, Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs and the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, were both written during the same time period (the former in 1861, the latter in1856). These two books are compelling works of African American Literature. They are depressing but at the same time hopeful, discouraging but uplifting. Both authors go into many aspects concerning the brutality of slavery, but I have thoroughly reviewed and am about to go over only a few in this analysis. Some of the more pertinent issues are a slaves childhood, the effect of gender on†¦show more content†¦One would think that male slaves would get harsher physical punishments than female slaves would, but that is not the case. Take an example out of Douglass book from Chapter 6. This is during the time period when Dougla ss is living at Baltimore with Hugh and Sophia Auld. In this particular part of his autobiography, Douglass comments on how well the Masters treat their slaves in the city, with the exception of his Masters neighbor. This man owned two slaves, both women, who he beat so severely that Douglass says, His heart must be harder than stone, that could look upon these unmoved. The one slave, Mary was beaten so badly, Douglass describes her as mangled and emaciated. There are many other references to the beating of women slaves throughout both autobiographies. Female slaves had another kind of fear imbedded in them by their masters that male slaves could not feel, and that is sexual exploitation and the loss of their children. When Harriet reaches the age of 15, Dr. Flint makes his first sexual advance towards her. Dr. Flint, who was much her senior, makes sexual advances towards Linda, but Linda never bows down to his will. She is repeatedly yelled at and verbally disciplined, however neve r physically disciplined. It states in Chapter 5 of Incidents that Dr. Flint would at first act very violent towards her, being forceful towards her and acting as if she should subject to his every whim, especially sexual whims. If this method

Summary Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1545 Words

Tenure of Terror Terrorists express their loathing for those outside their coalition by stifling growth and opportunity. A person who despises another based on skin color, religion, sexual orientation, or political belief is essentially a bigot. A hater. A bad seed. However, this same individual gains power and credibility when banded together with those of like mind. At once, the brotherhood becomes a fraternity, a circle in which radical attitudes and the spewing of hatred finds a friend. How can there be a community of people that operates a hate organization in today s society? With the youth of today becoming more integrated and accepting, how is it that racism can flourish? Although on the surface it appears that people are open†¦show more content†¦Becoming a coalition at once, the antagonism radiating within one s heart finds congeniality. Members of the Klan ranged from â€Å"small farmers and laborers to planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians and ministers,† but members today are those of middle-class America (History par. 5). Although the Ku Klux Klan started off as a fraternal terrorist group, in recent times they’ve adopted abuse, sex crimes, and theft to their list of bad actions. This suggests that Klan members commit many â€Å"non-ideological crimes† and have criminality running through their veins (Anti-Defamation par. 8). Over this organization’s fluctuating history, their violent tendencies have grown so strong that â€Å"a number of Klan groups tend to attract people with violent or antisocial natures,† assuming that everyday white people have slowly migrated away from such a club (Anti-Defamation par. 8). The KKK is a racist, illiberal, dogmatic movement with a commitment to violence in order to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy. It is perhaps easier to expose the ugliness within while masking the identity of the hate ridden. A coward hides shamefully withholding the expression of their feelings. But, disguise that cowardly one, and suddenly, they have the strength of ten men. Hence, the cloak wearing masked men and women of the Ku Klux Klan. These individuals have one mission, and one mission only: purify America,

The Search For Emmas Story Essay Research free essay sample

The Search For Emmas Story Essay, Research Paper The Search For Emma # 8217 ; s Story isn # 8217 ; t truly a book ; it is sort of a how to steer and a fable in one. In each chapter there is a subdivision entitled # 8221 ; Emma # 8217 ; s Story. We will write a custom essay sample on The Search For Emmas Story Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; To me this is like reading a kids # 8217 ; s book where the characters are merely being given something to make and non holding any existent rime or ground. Besides included in each chapter entitled # 8220 ; Portfolio of Evidence. # 8221 ; The portfolio of grounds is really different from any other book I # 8217 ; ve of all time read because it goes through the whole idea procedure of how the writer came up with the stuff she wrote approximately. The manner that the book is put together is really simple. It # 8217 ; s surprising that more people don # 8217 ; t compose books that contain facts and narratives much the same manner. Think about how much more challenging fictional enigma and detective novels would be if the writer would hold gone therough the extended procedure that Martinello did in composing The Search For Emma # 8217 ; s Story. You would be able to follow the investigator # 8217 ; s thought procedure from the first hint to the minute they capture the felon. You would cognize all the inquiries and intuitions that the investigator was chew overing throughout the whole novel. I thnk that such a authorship manner would besides be good to text editions and assignments for pupils. Alternatively of merely joging off infinite facts and seeking to r lift up them together with no existent clear background, composing a text edition in such a manner as this a pupil would be able to see the full idea procedure of something like Bernoulli’s Principle in scientific discipline or how the Pythagorean Theory works in math. This would enable the pupil to to the full grip the constructs being taught and understand why something is the manner it is. I wholly understand how Mrs. Martinello could hold merely fallen into going funny with Emma from something every bit simple as a image. Many people are intrigued by famous persons and others who are ever in the public oculus, but it # 8217 ; s hard for the mean individual to associate to that. For me associating to this book was easy because my great expansive parents would hold been confronting the same types of jobs and basking many of the same victory. My grandmother Tells me stories that her ma and pa passed on to her depicting how life was in the late 1800 # 8217 ; s and the early 1900 # 8217 ; s. There are many differences between Emma # 8217 ; s narrative and what I know of my great grandparent # 8217 ; s lives but most of them are due to the geographic location. By holding the similarities between Emma # 8217 ; s life and my ascendants it made the book more appealing to me. It was easier to read because it was a small like researching my ain household due to the similarities in the life styles, yet I was still larning about a wholly different life style.

Co-Opetition free essay sample

In most business theories, competition is seen as one of the key force that keeps organisations innovative and lean. To be able to survive in a market, organisations have had to engage in competitive strategies. On the other hand, theorists have begun to realize that to also survive, organisation may be inclined to cooperate with their competitors. Thus, new theories of collaboration, networking, cooperating and sharing are beginning to be forecast and written on. One of the theories is of co-opetition. This article critiques, Zineldins article on Co-opetition: the organisation of the future . In his article, Zineldin claims that the organisation of the future will have to collaborate and cooperate with its competitors. Zineldin states that companies need to consider the potential benefits of collaborating, cooperating and coordinating with their competitors. He terms this strategy as co-opetition. Thus, business strategies and activities should aim for the establishment of mutually beneficial partnership relationship with other actors in the organisation’s network, including their competitors. The fundamental role for the organisation of the future will be to create and develop processes of strategic co-opetition that will enhance long-term relationships, retention and loyalty. Five main advantages for co-opetiton outlined are, sharing of knowledge, pooling of competencies, increased incentives to take risks and proactively in product development. For this co-opetition strategy to work there should be trust and commitment among players. Creating co-opetition has both a cost and value. For a company, it takes time to develop such a relationship and the time factor may after the parties’ profitability. Hence, those involved must have a common philosophy, clear goal of what they want to achieve. Zineldin identifies that individual willingness motivation, interdependence, culture fit, integration and integrity, organisational arrangement and institutinalisation criteria should be met before forming a co-opetition strategy. Zineldin furthermore identifies short benefits of these strategies. These are reduction of transaction costs, cost of joint ventures and access to vast amount of knowledge of a company’s particular market He states that many organisations today are competing through cooperation rather than just competition by establishing formal or informal strategic alliances and networks that range from exchange of technology and markets to industrial mega deals. Some examples given are Mitsubishi Volvo, IBM Volvo and Apple, IBM Motorola. Furthermore, co-opetition will lead to economies of scale, lower prices, a skilled labour force, high level of RD and so on, so forth. On the other side, this strategy can be of disadvantage to companies. For example, other costs can be created, such as time and resources used to build the relationships and return on investment can take a long time to calculate. Companies may take advantage of the more vulnerable company. ANALYSES It could be said that Zineldin wrote on a valid point. Although it is not a new concept, (first coined by Ray Noorda, the founder of Novell) he has somehow managed to summaries the concept in a simplified way. The article lacks evidences; he has not done any empirical study thus a lacking of critical evidence makes the article more of hearsay than of a positive study. It is of a normative study nature. Most research on competition has been on vertical relationship between organisation such as value added supply chain or distribution rather than horizontal relationships. Zineldin does not say which competitor to cooperate with in the organisations network. Furthermore there is not clear example and measurement of the success and this strategy Although there is insufficient amount of information and success measurement from Zineldin, there seems to be support for this strategy of coopetition. Authors such as Adam Brandenburger of the Harvard Business School and Barry Nalebuff of the Yale School of Management, who have together written on the subject in their book in titled coopetition. On their webpage, http://mayet. som. yale. edu/coopetition/index2. html. they talk of game theory which suggested that businesses can gain advantage by mixing competition and cooperation. â€Å"Cooperation with suppliers, customers and firms producing complementary or related products can lead to expansion of the market and the formation of new business relationships, perhaps even the creation of new forms of enterprise†. 19. 9. 2007) Anand Ramanathan (2007)takes the strategy further by dividing co-opetition into vertical and horizontal co-opetition. He studies co-opetition in the Indian retail market. In horizontal co-operation, he states that here, markets consist of few suppliers and a large number of intermediaries and retailers. â€Å"Horizontal co-opetition between suppliers i s limited to a co-existence philosophy where the rivals know each other, know the positions they have and do not frequently challenge each other’s position†. Anand Ramanathan (2007) Vertical Co-opetition is similar to horizontal co-opetition but co-opetition is between the supplier and their partner and is primarily driven by co-ordination objectives rather than any overarching need to collaborate and build structural linkages. The concept seems to have been taken up most enthusiastically in the computer industry, where strategic alliances are common in order to develop new products and markets, particularly between software and hardware firms. Co-opetition is frequently seen in computer and technology-oriented industries where rapid technology advances will often encourage competitors to work together due to advances by other competitive organisations. A recent example of this is between IBM and Sun Microsystems. In The New Yorks Times (2007), it was stated that two long time rivals in computing, IBM and Sun Microsystems, plan to cooperate on server technologies. This could put pressure on their big competitor Hewlett-Packard. Sun’s chief executive, Jonathan Schwartz, said in the article that the new comprehensive relationship brought a tectonic shift in the market landscape. This coopetition will enable Sun’s Solaris operating system to run on International Business Machine servers enabling it to earn more market and it also spells advantage for sun solaris customers to be ale to switch to IBM. Our view is when you make your products available on other people’s platforms, you just meet more customers, which just gives you more opportunities, Mr. Schwartz said. (2007) Another example of co-opetition would be the American car history written by Adam Brandenburger and Elizabeth Stein. The American car industry is a good example to understand how with co-opetition can help in an industry. When the earliest petrol car was established, there was no road system, petrol stations and other complimentary products and services. Thus, couldnt enter into widespread use without a constellation of complementary products and services. The demand for the car helped in the establishment of the industry. Both sparse population and the need to travel a significant distance daily, for work or for other purposes, increased the demand for automobiles. Changes in the provision of rural services, as well as the rise of the suburbs, gave the automobile and its culture a significant boost. Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. 2007) As the industry began to grow, other services began to be established as a result. Petrol stations, garages, companies offering financial relieve to a customer who could not afford to buy the car. The government also stepped in helping to establish the transportations system by building roads and outlining maps. Manufacturers themselves provided complements for their industry either on their own or by co-opetition with one another or the government, when neither government nor ortune alone provided the complements they needed to get their product off the ground. For example, early in the twentieth century the auto industry realized that mass auto ownership would need financing options. Banks, which were concerned about people depleting their savings by purchasing cars, did not rush forward to provide credit to the masses. (Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. 2007) The car industry as a whole, took initiatives to provide this service to their customers. The advantages reaped by the cooperating car maker and their customers were unquestionably impressive. One of the most interesting features of the automobile industry is this example it has given to the world of efficiency and co-operation. We are not surprised at efficiency in the steel business or the oil business, because they are industries conducted practically by one man power; and if autocratic rule is not efficient, its last excuse for being right might appear to have ceased to exist; but to find several hundred different manufacturers with divergent ambitions, ideals and interests benevolently engaged in co-operative competition, justifies, it would seem, the optimism which sees the world as growing better. Adam Brandenburger et. al 19. 9. It could be said that the concept of co-opetition lacks a clear empirical study, of how it works and what are the strategies to make it work. A further research would be to take an industry that is practising co-opetition and making a thorough empirical study to try and understand what the criteria for the co-opetition are, which competitor to choose and how can this strategy be divided. Zineldin’s concept of co-opetition is not new. For an organisation to succeed in its market, it would be said that organisation of the future ought to also cooperate with their rivalries to gain the advantaged that Zineldin outlined. An ancient Chinese proverb say †he who cannot agree with his enemies is controlled by them. †