The Fallacies Of A Non Fiction Pieces - 1914 Words

When you read, hear, or see any kind of nonfiction, you have a choice on what to consider when interpreting the text. You can choose to look over the general idea of the piece or you can closely consider the claims made and their fallacies. The effect that close consideration has is that in some cases it discredits the author s argument by identifying the fallacies within the text. At the same time it can also help you prove your argument against someone s, or prove another person s argument to be valid. Only paying attention to the general idea of a nonfiction claim, specifically a claim of policy, will often lead to misinterpretation and blind acceptance. Many people could take these claims as a call to action that lead to dangerous exploits because of the fact that they are ignorant and let factless claims dictate their actions. Closely considering claims in a non-fiction pieces helps you see through the many different fallacies that could exist. It helps you to be more insightful when you do this because you come up with your own thoughts and ideas instead of blindly accepting someone else. Discrediting arguments is one part of close consideration. You can also use it to help prove your own argument or someone else s. In a debate or in court, or just in everyday life you will need to know how to justify yourself. Knowing how to discredit someone else s argument is beneficial because when you know what fallacies people can make, it shows you what what flaws in yourShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Ozymandias By Percy Bysshe Shelley1371 Words   |  6 Pagesdeeper when analysing a piece of literature in order to discover meanings which are not as obvious at a first glance. Week Two The topic of this week was writing skills. One quote especially stood out to me from the class PowerPoint from Enrique Jardiel Poncela, â€Å"When writing can be read without effort, great effort has gone into its writing.† (Class Presentation). To me, this shows that writing is not as easy as it seems; it takes a large amount of effort to produce a written piece that is both goodRead MoreReflection and Analysis of My Works on Forced Marriage803 Words   |  3 PagesBoth my literary and non-fiction piece were based on the conflicting topic of forced marriage and seeing the obstacles being tackled .Through the influence the reporter Nick Owen, my opinion article was aimed to question the readers whether cultural issues and norms should be used as a justification to get young girls married to someone they hardly know. This is due to some people addressing this practise as a cultural† thing and opposes making it a criminal offence. Similarly my fictional storyRead MoreRe view Of Formative Fictions : Imaginative Literature And The Training Of The Capacities `` Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesConsequence of Reading Fiction In his essay †Formative Fictions: Imaginative Literature and the Training of the Capacities†, Joshua Landy, professor at Stanford University, aims to explain the function of fiction and the reward of our engagement with literary works. Landy highlights three theories of the function of fiction: the exemplary branch, which invites the reader to consider characters as models for emulation or avoidance, the affective branch, which focuses on what fiction does to our emotionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Timothy Findley s The War 2134 Words   |  9 Pageswhile at war. What is interesting about Findley’s wartime novel is that he utilizes narrative devices to give the novel a detached, factual voice that effectively encapsulates it as a historical piece. He plays around with the role of a nameless researcher who finds, examines and assembles historical pieces like letters/correspondences, family photographs, cablegrams, and other archival means to construct Ross’ compe lling story. This use of private texts contrasted and combined with the public textsRead MoreTruman Capote’s Anonymity Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pagesreportage journalism with fiction techniques. However, literary critics have long debated whether or not In Cold Blood is the first of its kind: a non-fiction novel. Capote’s novel is something unique that the world has never seen before, but it is not the non-fiction novel that he claims it to be. Regardless of this fact, Capote still strives for the impossible by attempting to remove himself from the narrative. When Capote removes himself he creates the novel’s main fallacy: the absence of the authorRead MoreInternational Free Trade : Key Issues For Managers2280 Words   |  10 Pagesreduce poverty and increase economic and political freedom for societies as a whole. Although couched in terms of legal and political fictions, there is no real distinction between two individuals who seek to engage in trade and the individuals who organize as part of the firm or those who organize into local, regional and national governments. Recognizing this, the non-rent seeking individual engaged in commerce is incentivized to lower barriers to trade and normalize the trade in and amongst the differentRead MorePhi 210 Week 2 Phi210 Week 23502 Words   |  15 Pagesprofessors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: * Identify the informal fallacies, assumptions, and biases involved in manipulative appeals and abuses of language. * Create written work utilizing the concepts of critical thinking. * Use technology and information resources to research issues in critical thinking skills andRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesspeaking to a non-responding representative of the family of a prospective new duchess, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but aspects of his own personality as well. 42. digression from topic: a temporary departure from one subject to another more or less distantly related topic before the discussion of the first subject is resumed. A valuable technique in the art of storytelling, digression is also employed in many kinds of non†fictional writingRead MoreEssay on The Literary Works of Vladimir Nabokov2072 Words   |  9 Pagesmonstrous darkness approaches† (Nabokov, â€Å"Signs† 601). The father conversely, seems to bear a naà ¯ve hope, a mild defiance of reality, enthusiastically urging his wife to bring their son back home (Wood 199). The reader, depending on his interpretation, or non-interpretation, of the symbolism in the story is left to draw his own conclusion over each character’s version of reality, its significance, and ultimately its bearing on the enigmatic conclusion of the story. â€Å"The Vane Sisters† likewise is toldRead MoreStevensons Use of Literary Techniques to Portray Evil in Jekyll and Hyde3969 Words   |  16 Pageschapter a large amount of pathetic fallacy is used. The weather is described as foggy; ‘a fog rolled over the city’, which gives the impression that a person or place needs to be concealed and hidden away. However, where the maid was sitting and the murder takes place it was ‘brilliantly lit by the full moon’. The moon seems to be acting like a spotlight, lighting up the murder so as not to conceal it any longer. On page thirty-one a great deal of pathetic fallacy is incorporated into the text; ‘chocolate-coloured

When visiting the McKissick Museum I was engrossed by the...

When visiting the McKissick Museum I was engrossed by the American Folk Art, ceramic Face Jugs, also known as ugly or grotesque jugs. There are gaps in the history in regards to how the face jugs were made, what they were used for, and the meaning of the face vessel pottery. However it is believed that these vessels were original, useful, creative expressions of the African slave culture of the time created as early as the seventeenth century. Few artists of face jugs have been identified and their inspirations for producing the vessels are not completely known. According to Hirst, it is believed that this art form originated in Edgefield County South Carolina, from African slaves who worked on the plantations as potters. They worked on†¦show more content†¦Face Jugs have become more imaginative and peculiar as they became marketable. Today, either you love them or hate them. I personally find these jugs intriguing. There is a mystery surrounding them which make them extrem ely interesting to me. Because South Carolina is a big tourists attraction face jugs have attracted the attention of tourists. Replications of face jugs are made for tourists. They are not used as much for functional use today, as they are more of a decorative or aesthetic art form. The jugs come in all shapes and sizes with a variety of facial features and expressions. Many of the faces that I like have a symmetrical balance which, throughout this course, has caught my attention. The glaze used makes the face jugs shiny and smooth. Ceramic Face Jugs are different, unique, mysterious, and good conversational pieces. In summation, face jugs are representations of folk art by African-American slaves. There is a lot that we do not know and will never know about the history of face jugs but they are interesting pieces of art. These jugs are unique and different no matter if they are used for

Mining In Sapce Essay Example For Students

Mining In Sapce Essay On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) andthe engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciencesjointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers wereGreg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr.CarlPeterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute ofM.I.T.Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that thequintessential predicament of space flight is that everythinglaunched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity.Related to this is that the traditional way to create things inspace has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch theminto orbit aboard large rockets.The difficulty with thisapproach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out ofthis planets gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since(at least in the near to medium term) the space program mustdepend upon the government for most of its funding,for thiseconomic drawback necessarily t ranslates intoapoliticalproblem.Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers inNorth America did not attempt to transport across the Atlanticeverything then needed to sustain them in the New World.Ratherthey brought their tools with them and constructedtheirhabitats from local materials. Hence,he suggested that thesolution to the dilemma to which he referred required not somuch a shift in technology as a shift in thinking.Space,heargued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid ofeverything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is,a hostile environment but one having resources.Among theresources of space, he suggested, are readily available solarpower and potential surface mines on the Moon and later othercelestial bodies as well.The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials.Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payloadto lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the identicalmass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter theadvantage in terms of the energy required is even greaterbecause of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other thingsthis permits the use of devices suchaselectromagneticaccelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUssurface.Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for spacestations and other space habitats.At present,he noted,exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a totalof more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on thespace station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can beprocessed into its constituent materials. In between steps arealso of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich inoxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocketpropellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil.Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessaryto accomplish this would consist of relatively low technologyhardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least inthe longer term theextractionplantitselfcouldbemanufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currentlybeing examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil andusing it as construction material.The techniques involved,according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to aquestion posed by a member of the audience after the formalpresentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittleproperties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glasscomposites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that ofusing Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.)One possible application of such Moon-made glass would bein glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these couldbe employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite(SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country,atleast temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in theU.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Sovietshave stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000(although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarlythe Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests.SSI studies have suggested that more than 90%,and perhaps asmuch as 99% of the mass of an SPS can be constructed out ofLunar materials.According to Maryniak, a fair amount of work has alreadybeen performed on the layout of Lunar mines and how to separatematerials on the Moon. Different techniques from those employedon Earth must be used because of the absence of water on theMoon. On the other hand, Lunar materials processing can involvethe use of self-replicating factories. Such a procedure may beable to produce a so-called Rmass payback ratioS of 500 to 1.That is, the mass of the manufactories which can be establishedby this method will equal 500 times the mass of the originalRseedS plant emplaced on the Moon.Maryniak also discussed the mining of asteroids usingmass-driver engines, a technique which SSI has long advocated.Essentially this would entail a spacecraft ca pturing either asizable fragment of a large asteroid or preferably an entiresmall asteroid. The spacecraft would be equipped with machineryto extract minerals and other useful materialsfromtheasteroidal mass. The slag or other waste products generated inthis process would be reduced to finely pulverized form andaccelerated by a mass driver in order to propel the capturedasteroid into an orbit around Earth. If the Earth has so-calledTrojan asteroids, as does Jupiter, the energy required to bringmaterials from them to low Earth orbit (LEO) would be only 1% asgreat as that required to launch the same amount of mass fromEarth. (Once again, moreover, the fact that more economicalmeans of propulsion can be used for orbital transfers than foraccelerating material to orbital velocity would likely make thepractical advantages even greater. ) However, Maryniak noted thatobservations already performed have ruled out any Earth-Trojanbodies larger than one mile in diameter.In addition to the pre viously mentioned SPS,anotherpossible use for materials mined from planets would be in theconstruction of space colonies.In this connection Maryniaknoted that a so-called biosphere was presently being constructedoutside of Tucson, Arizona. When it is completed eight peoplewill inhabit it for two years entirely sealed off from theoutside world. One of the objectives of this experiment will beto prove the concept of long-duration closed cycle life supportsystems.As the foregoing illustrates, MaryniakUs primary focus wasupon mining the planets as a source for materials to use inspace. Dr. PetersonUs principal interest, on the other hand, wasthe potential application of techniques and equipment developedfor use on the Moon and the asteroids to the mining industryhere on Earth. Dr Peterson began his presentation by noting thatthe U. S. mining industry was in very poor condition.Inparticular, it has been criticized for using what has beendescribed as Rneanderthal technology. S Dr.Peterson clearlyimplied that such criticism is justified, noting that the sooneror later the philosophy of not doing what you canUt make moneyon today will come back to haunt people. A possible solution tothis problem, Dr. Peterson, suggested, is a marriage betweenmining and aerospace.(As an aside, Dr. PetersonUs admonition would appear to beas applicable to the space program as it is to the miningindustry,and especially to the reluctance ofboththegovernment and the private sector to fund long-lead time spaceprojects. The current problems NASA is having getting fundingfor the space station approved by Congress and the failure beginnow to implement the recommendations of the National Commissionon Space particularly come to mind.)Part of the mining industryUs difficulty, according to Dr.Peterson is that is represents a rather small market. This tendsto discourage long range research. The result is to produce onthe one hand brilliant solutions to individual,immediateproblems, but on the other hand overall systems of incrediblecomplexity. This complexity, which according to Dr. Peterson hasnow reached intolerable levels,results from the fact thatmining machinery evolves one step at a time and thus is subjectto the restriction that each new subsystem has to be compatiblewith all of the other parts of the system that have not changed Theme of Power in Macbeth Essay

Roman History Essays - First Triumvirate, Julius Caesar,

Roman History Roman History Roman Republican politicians were drawn largely from an ancient elite of wealthy families. These families, known as the nobility, dominated access to the consulships; between them they held over 80% of the consulships in the last century of the Republic. Active politics took place within this framework, and was characterised largely by personal and political feuds between individual members of the elite. Because this elite was defined by office holding (the nobility consisted of those descended from consuls), political activity took place within a context of magistracies and public events. Individual members of the nobility had to pursue careers in politics, not just from their own ambition, but to preserve the standing of their families: the Sergii in the middle years of the republic, and the Fabii towards the end are two examples of famous families shrunken in power. The ideal political career was set out in the Lex Villia of 180 BC: military service in one's twenties, quaestor at thirty (conferring membership in the Senate), aedile or tribune in one's mid-thirties, praetor at 39 and consul at 42. But the question arises: how were Roman politicians able to gain election to these offices and thus be politically successful? The essential ingredient for an aspirant politician, whatever his family background, was wealth: the Roman elite was a moneyed elite. Constant outlay was important in public life: a politician had to spend freely on his clients, on his household, on slaves (particularly gladiators, for personal protection) and on investment. The expenses for elections were also astronomical. Candidates had to provide themselves with a magnificent retinue and had to provide spectacles and gifts for the populace: chariot races, theatrical shows, wild beast hunts and particularly gladiators. Direct bribery was also common, and represented a massive outlay - in the late 60s, Caesar had accumulated debts of several thousand talents due to his aedileship, his praetorian campaign, and his pontifical campaign. In cases of prosecution, wealth was also necessary to bribe jurors, and all this wealth had to come from somewhere -normally the hapless provincials. Indeed, by the late Republic it was a standard joke that a governor had to amass three fortunes: one to pay for his election expenses, one to bribe the jury for his extortion trial, and the third to keep. In most cases, a candidate's pedigree was also important. As many statistical studies have shown (particularly those of Broughton, Badian and Gruen), the nobility dominated access to the consulship. Most of the other consuls came from long established praetorian or senatorial families: the actual New Man (one without any senatorial antecedents who gained the consulship) was a very rare creature: the most famous cases were Marius and Cicero. The importance of good breeding was such that Cicero could describe Ahenobarbus as consul-designate from the cradle. However, the important question is why nobility meant so much. The matter was partly one of actual influence - the amount of clientage and money one could bring to bear. But there were other factors, such as the friendliness of powerful politicians (Ti. Gracchus being the most important example), previous military success (Sulla in the 90s) or the public reputation of one's family (Scipio Aemilianus in 148). One necessity for ensuring election to important posts or for securing legislation was the support of other members of the nobility. In many cases, the factor that secured the election of a candidate was the support of powerful politicians, who the candidate would be expected to help while in office. The most obvious examples are Pompey's pet consuls in 61-58, who were able to secure his land legislation, but probable others include Catulus in 102 (for Marius), and L. Scipio in 190 (for his brother). In other cases, a broader familial or factional support base can be guessed at, such as with Hortensius in 69, Sulla in 88 or Bibulus in 59. These were all cases in which sharp political issues informed campaigns. However, there were also cases in which obligations and friendships (referring to political friendship or amicitia) had been built up over time. The classic example is Cicero, who despite being a New Man, was elected senior consul in suo anno in 63, simply by having a large group of grateful defendants whose support he could call on, and by having very few enemies. These horizontal connections within the elite also had to be supplemented by vertical connections with the lower orders of Roman society. The most enduring and stable of these connections was that of clientage. Roman politicians could call on their clients to campaign for them, solicit for them and even fight